1 6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



(Leps. d. ii. pi. 26, and k. pi. 13 to 63). The character of the palm-leaf occurs under the Third 

 dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). 



Phoenix dactylifera of the countries around the Persian Gulf. Called in Britain date, in France 

 "dattier" (Nugent), in Germany " dattelpalme " (Grieb), in Italy " palma " and the fruit " dattero " 

 (Lenz), in Greece "phoinika" and the fruit "kourmatheV (Fraas), in Egypt and Yemen " nachl " 

 (Forsk.), and at the time of the invention of writing already in the Mediterranean countries,— 

 where its introduction has changed the whole aspect of the Southern shores: P. dactylifera is figured 

 apart from hieroglyphic writing at Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty, and in planted groves con- 

 tinues to the present day prominent in the landscape throughout Egypt. "Threescore and ten palm 

 trees" were found by the Israelites at Elim in the Desert (Ex. xv. 27) : and farther North, the 

 "phoinikos" planted on Delos was seen by Homer od. vi. 162; the "palma" is mentioned by Varro 

 i. 22, Columella, and Pliny ; and P. dactylifera continues cultivated for ornament on the Northern 

 shores of the Mediterranean, except in Spain rarely ripening fruit, (A. Dec). Southward from 

 Egypt, was observed by Forskal, and mvself, under cultivation in Yemen, but the opposite Somali coun- 

 try supplied with imported fruit from Muscat ; and two or three stocks planted on Zanzibar were 

 barren. Eastward, seemed the pinnate-leaved palm figured in the cave-temples at Adjunta ; is called 

 in the environs of Bombay " kajooree " (Grab.), but does not in Hindustan produce edible fruit (Royle 

 fibr. pi , and others), was observed by myself under cultivation with other palms for its crude sap 

 called "toddy." Farther East, is enumerated by Mason as "exotic " in Burmah and called "swon- 

 ba-lwon." (Compare P. sylvestris ) 



""g~ night-heron; "avuk" or " avnk " raven, "vai" nycticorax (compare nycticorax destroying 

 ^Jj nestlings of crow at night, Horap. ii. 24); " vai-tshine' " messengers; "vuki" maid-servant, 

 " voki " pregnant; "rene" or "venne" door-post. The selection seems connected with the 

 note qu6k uttered by the bird while« flying high overhead in the night. — In Latin " voco " to call, 

 "venio" to come. The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, and from the Seventeenth 

 dynasty to the Nineteenth (Buns, and Birch, and Leps. d iii. pi. 5 and 140). 



The night-heron, Ardea nycticorax, indigenous and well known in Egypt when writing was 

 invented. The bird is widely diffused over the Northern Hemisphere wherever there is water; and 

 is frequent even in North America. 



j. jackal; ("kuna" signifying sacred scribe, also laughter, Horap. i. 37), '• s6vS " or 

 s~Z~ ~~f " sovi " laughter; "save" wise (" svo " le uning, Horap. i. 36); — in Hebrew "sfr" 

 /(/\~Y\ scribe; in Greek "sophos" wise; in Latin "sapiens," in Spanish " sabbe," in French 

 " "savant." The selection has given rise among Northern nations to the assignment of 



superior cunning to the fox : a persuasion at the present day too universal to be eradicated from 

 the human mind. The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing 

 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 35 to 67). 



<^y "vave" or " vaave" " insipid ; " vel" to enervate, weaken ; " vel " to liquefy ; — in Hebrew 

 GIT^u "vew" inane, in English "veal." The character occurs under the Fourth dvnasty, also in 

 the Look of the Dead, and continues in use under the Twenty second (Leps. d. ii. pi. 10, and 

 k. pi. 12 to 24). 



^^^ "vouhe' " or " vouhi " eyelids (discerning or diagnosis of life or death bv the sacred scribe, 

 ' Horap. i. 36); " vour " or "hvour " sinister ; " voor " or "vorveV or " vtrvSr " to reject, cast 

 away ; " val " or " ved " e\ e ; " vclle - " or " vUS " blind ; " vol " interpretation, solution ; — The charac- 

 ter occurs as early as the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. (.6, and Champ, diet. 3S4). 

 t!- \ S " vatshour" a saw; "vatsh6r"or "vatshar" fox (jackal; " vassara " of Herodotus iv. 

 p. 192 Lybian fox); "vas" or " visi " to saw asunder ; " vrvort " cut in two or rent ; "viki"band 

 or halter; "vasis" rope-maker; "vatshi" or "phatshi" half; "seve" or " sevi " or "self " sword ; 

 — in Hebrew "vtsr" to cut off or gather grapes, " vtso " to divide; in English "sever." The 

 character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Nineteenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 35, to iii. pi 13S). 

 9^k (man eating hours signifying horoscope; for men eat at stated hours, Horap. i. 40); 

 £*[ "ouev" or "ouev" or " oucev " priest; "6u£eV" or " ouaav " or " ouav " clean, immaculate, 

 holy; ouave's " sincerity, sincere; — in English "wave." The character occurs under the 

 dynast} 1 (Champ, text p. 357). 



JL "varot" or " varvot " money; " veke " or " vek£ " or " vuke " or "vShg" recompense, 



//Q hire; " votsh " to dismiss; " v6k " servant; " v6k " or "vet" to depart. The character 

 J— EL occurs under the . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 26). 



(finger signifying stomach, Horap. ii. 6); " thev " finger; "thevi" basket; " thevi " or 



"thvai" cavern; " avi " or " £vi " or " eivj " or "ivi" or " 6v£ " or " 6vi " thirst, to thirst; 



" thevio " or " thevia " or " thSvvia " or " thvviS " or " thvvio " or " thvvieu " or " thvieu " humil- 

 ity, to be humiliated; — in Greek " thivis " basket. The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty 

 to the Fifth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 22 and 101). 



