OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 19 



^gafc (sparrow seeking protection of the owl, and finding oppression, Horap. ii. 48) ; " jaj " 

 sparrow; " jajg " or " jaji " or " jajS " or "jgji" enemy; " jijg " or " jijSeu " enemies; 

 "jatche" sinister; "jajv6n" malignant; "jol" or "jel" to encompass; "jaljel" or "joljl" or 

 "joljel" enclosure, fence; "jo" or "joS" or "joi" or "j6" wall; "jer" jeer, derision. — The 

 character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of hiero- 

 glyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 to 6, and k. pi. 5 to 63). 



From the coloured figure on the Gliddon mummy-case, the character is found to be the Fringilla 

 domestica, or house sparrow of Europe and Western Asia ; a bird very destructive to grain-crops. — 

 Under the Third dynasty, the thick bill continues distinguishable ; but later monuments present only 

 a small bird. 



Cl (smoke ascending signifying fire, Horap. ii. 15) ; "shshor" smoke ; " jaivSs " or " jvv£s " or 

 ^ "jSvs" sparks, coals; "jel" or '• jela " to burn; "jof" or " j6f " burning; " jr6m " fire; 

 " kva " or " jikva " vengeance. — The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). 

 •x (fire and water signifying purity, Horap. i. 41) ; "jSke'r" to temper, purge with fire; " jaj6 " 

 w frying-pan ; " joi " caldron, warm bath, sweat-bath ; " jakam " or " jak£m " or " j£k£m " or 

 " j&k£m " or " j6km " to wash ; " jihap " adversary ; " joou " to denounce, send ; " jSl Svol " or " jgl " 

 to deny ; "j6" or "ji" or "j6" to speak, dispute ; "jahSm" or "jahm" or "j&hm" pollution, pol- 

 luted ; " jajh " pure ; " jijnit " ordeal ; — in vulgar English " to jaw." The character occurs from the 

 Twentieth dynasty to the Roman conquest (Champ, gram. 535, Ross. mon. stor. 22 and 23, Buns, and 

 Birch). 



\" jokgf " or " jookSf " or " j6khf" a goad ; — in English, the phrase "spur of the occasion.'' 

 The character occurs under the .... dynasty (Rosell. m. civ. 77. 2, Buns, and Birch), 

 (writing materials, ink, rush-style, and sieve, signifying sacred scribe, also conclusion ; a 

 race of cynocephali acquainted with writing, Horap. i. 36 and 14) ; "jorvSs" a little vase ; 

 "jilles " a little bag or pot ; " j6i " band or tie ; " joli " or " jolSs " or " joolSs " rust, corro- 

 sion ; "jpheout " ink ; "jolSs " or ''• j615s " little reeds; "je" or "jei"or "joul" beam in 

 the eye ; "jphoi " accusation, calumny ; " jvin " revenge, a stain ; "sholj" accusation, stain; "jolj " 

 or " j61j " or " jes," to adhere, hold fast; " solj " or " s61j " to blot out, expunge ; "jphio"to con- 

 found, make ashamed, castigation, reproof; "jphiSd" to abstain; "jiphied" shamefacedness, fear 

 of disgrace ; " jS v " or " jev " sharp, pungent ; " jokSr " or " jokr " sharp ; " j<5k£r " to afflict ; " jotf " 

 or " jdth " or " ji£i " to wound ; " j61 " to cover ; " ]'66vS " to darken ; " ji-vote" " or " ji-fotS " to nau- 

 seate ; "jok" or "j6k" end. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Twentieth (Leps. 

 d. ii. pi. 5, iii. pi. 224, and k. pi. 36). Apart from the hieroglyphic text, scribes in the act of writing 

 are figured under the Fourth dynasty, as observed by myself at Gizeh. 



Juncus spinosus of Egypt and the neighbouring countries. A kind of rush called in Greece 

 " vroulo," in Egypt " sammar " (Forsk.), and clearly the " shoinfi " used among the Egyptians to 

 make sieves " koskinon," and exclusively for writing — to the time of Horapollo i. 36 : sieves " cri- 

 brorum " made in Egypt of " juncorum " or " oxyschoenon " are mentioned by Pliny xxi. 65 ; " sam- 

 mar " mats, by Abd-allatif; J. spinosus was observed by Forskal, and Delile, growing along the 

 Mediterranean border of Egypt, but elegant mats made of it were brought from Upper Egypt and the 

 region around Suez and exported to Constantinople. Words relating to mats as " shoinotonos " and 

 " shoinop&les " occur in Herodotus and other Greek writers ; and the living J. spinosus was observed 

 by Forskal p. 75, and Hawkins (Sibth.), on the seashore of Crete and the Greek islands as far as the 

 Dardanelles and Constantinople. 



^(the word " sv6 " signifying both instruction and plenary aliment, Horap. i. 36); "jom''or 

 " jom " or " j66mS " or " j66mi " or " j6m£ " scroll or book ; '' j6vi " epistle ; " jSk£ " or " jSokS " 

 enigma ; " je>k " or " jek " or "jok" to fill, plenary, perfect; "jStshj&tsh" dry and soft bread ; 

 "joouf" paper-rush ; "jaatS" or "jat£" to be nourished, increased; "jajh" to nourish, sustain; 

 " jal" or " j£18 " or "joili " to deposit ; — in English " joke " used colloquially for affair. The character 

 occurs under the .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 304) : serving besides to mark the " end of sentences " 

 (Buns, and Birch). In Greece (Homer as understood by Pliny xiii. 27 to 23) " pugillarium " or 

 writing-tablets were in use before the Trojan war ; and Pliny further states, that the Greeks continued 

 unacquainted with paper until the conquest of Egypt by Alexander (see Papyrus antiquorum). 

 j»{% (ear signifying job impending, Horap. ii. 22) ; " maaje' " or " majS " or " m££je " or " matshj " 

 ^c/.ear; "jisme" to hear, attend ; "jins6t£m" act of hearing, rumour; "jinsoms £vol " or " tshan- 

 soms Svol" or "joutsht gvol " or "jinjoutsht" or "shinshotsht " or " shStsht " to expect ; "jisvS" to 

 learn, be instructed. — The character occurs under the ... . dynasty (Champ, diet. 62). 



(dog signifying magistrate or judge, from showing favour to nobody, Horap. i. 37 and 

 38) ; "jaar" solid; "jaj6" cr "jStn" neck; "jarev" or "jgrev" pulled by the neck, 

 exposed to view; "jinarJh " keeper, guard; "j£r£j" or "jSrej" or " shSresh " hunter ; 

 "jrojs" a hunt ; "jgr"or " jSrj " or " j6rj " to enquire, hunt, seek, explore; "joh" or 



