OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 3 •> 



Pistia striates of Equatorial Africa. A floating lettuce-like plant called in Egypt " hay a'lem 

 el-ma water-houseleek (Del.) and used medicinally against menorrhagia (Alpin.), by the prophets 

 a,maa,lou ro u,"in Egyptian « tivous " - (Syn. Diosc.) : the " mnasion Won » growing in pools of 

 the Nile ,s described by Theophrastus iv. 8. 6 as leafy with the root not reaching the soiL leaves side 

 by side as if m a double series, and employed medicinally in fractures and menstrual affections : the 

 potarmon s trat.Sten 'according to Dioscorides grows without root on the top of the water, its leaves 

 resembling those of the" aSizflou-houseleek but larger, refrigerating, and restraining hemorrhage 

 from the k.dneys : P. slratiotes was observed by Calliaud in Sennaar ; by Grant, in "floating ro- 

 settes earned m flood down the Nile from the Equator "to about 13° N„ beyond which scarcely one 

 is visible ; was observed also by Adanson in Senegal. Eastward, is called in Sanscrit "koombhi- 

 ka, in Bengalee and Hmdustanee " taka panna," in Telinga » neeroo boodookee " (Lindl.) or "anta- 

 rei-tamara, in Tamil " agasatamaray " (Drur.) ; was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 32 in Malabar: by 

 Graham, common throughout the Concans," but by myself chiefly in artificial reservoirs ; by Rox- 

 burgh, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan, and used medicinally by the natives ; by Mason v. 

 504, in Burmah, occasionally transferred to tubs of water near public buildings, said " to keep the 

 water fresh " ; by Loureiro, in Anam ; by myself, apparently indigenous throughout the Malayan 

 archipelago ; by Blanco, called on the Philippines in Tagalo " guiapo," in Ylocano "loloan." West- 

 ward from Africa, may have floated without human intervention across the Atlantic to the West 

 Indies, observed by Browne frequent at Jamaica, and known to occur in Florida ; but possibly car- 

 ried to Peru, where I found it only around Callao on the Pacific. 



i, in Greek "ai," its pervading meaning I, self. 

 <J§> the all-seeing eye ; " ai " to be, exist ; — in Hebrew, the sixteenth letter " iyn," meaning eye, 

 fountain. The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Fifth dynasty to the 

 end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5 to 67). 



/?f~^\ ( sun and m °on signifying " aiSna " perpetual, eternal, Horap. i. 1) ; "sou-ai " first day of 

 ' W >the new moon or month ; " ouaeitsh '' or " ouaitsh " time, " ouaitsh nim " always ; — in He- 

 brew " iylm " or " iylwm " eternity ; in Greek " aei " always, ever ; in English " ever and aye." The 

 character occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the Twenty-sixth (Leps. d. iii. pi. 171, and k. pi. 

 49). A second form Q, occurs under the .... dynasty, and continues in use under the Ptolemies 

 (Champ, diet. 14, and Leps. d. iv. pi. 47). 

 /\ (lion's head signifying sentinel, watchful, the lion closing its eyes while watching and keeping 

 /j^them open in sleep, Horap. i. 19; eye the sentinel of the body, Diodor. iii.; "iri" eye, Plut. 

 is.) ; " areh " to guard ; — in Hebrew " iyr " or " iwr " keeper, sentinel, watchful. The character oc- 

 curs from the Eleventh dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 150, iii. pi. 152, and 

 k. pi. 23 to 63). 



AT (eagle signifying isolation, for it builds its nest in uninhabited places and flies higher than 

 £/Hg_ other birds, Horap. ii. 53); " jaie " or " jagiS " or " jaSie " or " jaie " or " tshaiS " the Desert, 

 solitary ; " raihs " free ; " ai66u " or " £saiSou " swift ; — in Hebrew " iyt " rapacious bird, eagle ; in 

 Greek " a£tos " or " aifitos." The character occurs from the Third dynasty and the Book of the 

 Dead to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 5 to 67). Further connection 

 is found in the adoption of the eagle as the' bird of Jupiter among the Greeks. 



(hawk able to rise perpendicularly upwards, Horap. i. 6 ; and towards the East rising up- 

 wards, signifying winds, Horap. ii. 14); " tshai " nose, nostrils ; "tshai" the East, to spring 

 up; — "the breath of life," Gen. ii. 7. The character occurs as early as the . . . dynastv 

 (Champ, diet. 236). 



Arnopogon picroides of Egypt and the Mediterranean countries. Hawk " ie>aka " signifying the 

 sun, for alone among birds it can gaze on the sun : and hence the "i£rarkia" herb is used in maladies 

 of the eyes (Horap. i. 6): " thrimithos " is the Egyptian name — of the "hieracium growing in 

 Egypt " (Edw.) ; and A. picroides, having a yellow flower somewhat resembling the sun's disk, was 

 observed along the Mediterranean border by Hasselquist, Forskal, and Delile. Farther North, the 

 " ieVakion " is mentioned by Cratevas (Plin ), and Aetius, and the " ierakion to irega " of Dioscorides 

 is referred here by Gesner, and Fraas ; A. picroides is termed "sonchus asper laciniatus creticus" by 

 Tournefort inst. 474, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste ground 

 especially near the sea from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, hawks were 

 supposed by the Romans to make use of the " hieraciam " herb (Plin. xx. 26) ; A. picroides is known 

 to orow in Italy (Lenz), and was observed by Forskal on Malta and near Marseilles (Lam. ill. pi. 

 646, and Pers.). 



n " ai " or " mmai " or " elai " myself, I ; " ouai " the numeral one ; " ouaeet " or " ouae-t " single, 

 [I alone ; " aiai " or " aiagi " or " aiagei " increase, to augment, grow, be magnified ; " jai " or " jaio " 

 or " jaidou " sad. — The character occurs by itself and as a numeral under the Third dynasty, and 

 continues in use until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii pi. 4, and k. pi. 6 to 67) : is clearly 



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