34 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



the origin of the later form I of the Greek letter iota, the Roman letter I, and as a numeral con- 

 tinues in use among nations generally to the present day. 



(seeking protection, Horap. ii. 48) ; "aeiS" wooden peg; "haivs" or "haiveV or "thaives" 

 hadow, protection. —The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 

 writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 7 to 67). 



phantom of the imagination, griffin; " tarah " to indulge in, be disturbed by vain im- 

 aginings. — The character occurs as early as the . , . . dynasty (Champ, gram. 497)- 

 The same figure occurs at Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty, but whether in the 

 hieroglyphic text I do not now remember. The "gryps" or "gryphus" as described by Virgil, 

 and Pliny, entirely corresponds: the imaginary monster "himaira" chimera, is mentioned by 

 Homer il. 179 to 181. 



_ (voice of the air or thunder signifying voice from afar called " ouaiS," Horap. i. 29) ; "hroou" 

 voice ; "hrou-vai " or " hrou-vvai " thunder ; " maing " or "maJin " or " marine " a sign ; "haio " 

 yea. — The character occurs as early as the Tenth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 149). A second form "2T 

 occurs also under the Tenth dynasty at Hamamat (Leps. d. ii. pi. 149). The form N of the / fl 

 Phoenician letter yod, and the original form / of the Greek letter iota, seem also taken from the 

 zigzag line of lightning. Compare Homer's sign from Jupiter, 

 y consonantal, its pervading meaning you. 

 m " jo " or " touio " to be weaned ; " iorh " pupil of the eye ; " ianos " iris ; " eierh " or " ei6rah " 

 J( aspect. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, Ixxix. 164, 13 (Buns, and Birch). 

 _ " iShrai " peers, nobles ; " i6nam " right hand ; " aouo " or " eTaio " a pledge, " aouo " to 



c==3> pledge; " aouot " or " eiolie' " or " ioh^ " hall, abode; "iohi" or " iohe " field, vineyard, 

 flocks; "eiom£" mud (see bank swallow, and Horap. ii. 29) ; — in Hebrew "ymyn" right hand, 

 pledge. The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. 

 pi. 3 and k. pi. 5 to 67). 



The geographical names of many places around Egypt inhabited by the White race, appear to 

 have been framed in reference to the inherent meaning of consonantal y : as, " iant&ou " hill country, 

 • — " iantdou " (or " iantoou," Mingar. p. 73, or "ianhoot " or "Jiahoout," ms. Par.) or "e"iantoou," 

 onager or wild mule (of Palestine). In facing the North, Yemen is on the right hand : and we find 

 transmitted in Hebrew and Greek, " Yrtlm," in Greek " Iorthanes ; Yphw," in Greek " Ioppa ; Ybne," 

 in Greek " Iamnia ; Ybk " of Numb. xxi. 24; "Yrhw," in Greek "ISrihS; Ywbb " of Gen. x. 29, in 

 Greek "I6vav; Yizr," in Greek " Iazer ; Ybws " and " Yrwshlym," in Greek " ISrousalem ; Yewth," 

 in Greek " Iouthaia ; Ywn," in Greek "ISnia"; and of names of nations or families, " Yphd," in. 

 Greek " IapStos ; Yikb," in Greek " Iak6v ; " and " Yshral," in Greek " Israel." . 



(crocodile's eyes emerging from the deep, signifying sunrise, the East, Horap. i. 65) ; 

 <^A ^ "iSvt " or ''eivt " or " eieft " or " £ieft " or "pfiievt " the East, sunrise ; " iev" or " iep " 

 or " iope " or " eiopfi " or " iopp£ " manufactures, arts; " iop " artisan ; " e^opS " to spin. — The 

 character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 7). A second form f'"""^? occurs from 

 the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 17, and k. pi. 5 to 63). 

 PTTjfl (dew falling from heaven, signifying instruction ; for it falls on all, but profits only the sus- 

 ' 5} * ceptible, Horap. i. 35) ; " iot5 " or " i6te" " or " i6d " or " ciute " clew ; " iatfi " or '• iad " or " iod " 

 or " i6t " or " £i6t " father, forefathers ; " eiat " or " £iaat " or " iat '' or " niat " attention, to observe, 

 mark, consider, perceive. — The character occurs under the Nineteenth? dvnasty (RoseHln. m. 

 real. 108). 



"iot" or "i6t" barley; " ies " or "iSs" quick; "i£the" profiting, to progress, ad- 

 vance. — The character occurs as early as the . . . dynasty (Rosellin. m. civ. 23). 

 Hordenm vulgare of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain barley, in Anglo-Saxon 

 "barhch" or " bajrlic " or "baer-crass " or " bere " (Prior), in Germany "gerste" (Grieb), in France 

 "orge" (Nugent), in Italy "orzo" (Lenz), in Greece "krithari" (Fraas), in Egypt and Yemen 

 "shayr " (Forsk.), and cultivated at the time of the invention of writing: — standing crops, distin- 

 guished by the inferior height and stouter beardless spikes, are figured under the Fifth (Leps. d. ii. 

 pi. 47, and Champ. 417), Seventh, and Seventeenth dynasties : the "shoire " is mentioned in Leviti- 

 cus xxvii. 16, Ruth ii. 17, Joel i. 11, and Job xxxi. 40 ; H. vulgare was observed under cultivation in 

 Egypt by Forskol, Delile, and Clot-Bey ; and by Forskal, and myself, in Yemen. Northward, the 

 "krithe" or "kri" is mentioned by Homer, Aeschylus ag. 1625, Herodotus, Thucydides, Theophras- 

 tus, and others ; the "hordeum," by Virgil, Columella, and Pliny ; H. vulgare was cultivated in Swit- 

 zerland during the Stone Age, relics occurring in debris of the earliest villages (Heer, and Troyon) ■ 

 was observed by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece; is known to be "culti- 

 vated throughout Europe to " Lat. 70 " in Lapland, farther North than any other kind of grain (A. 

 Dec), succeeding equally within the Tropics, as witnessed by mvself under the burnino- climate at 

 Mocha : is derived by Berosus from Babylonia ; by Moses of Chorene, from the Kur fluwiii" into the 



