OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 35 



Caspian ; was observed by Olivier, Chesney, Koch, and Kotschy, in Mesopotamia, Persia, and along 

 the Caspian. Eastward from Persia, was found by Alexander under cultivation in Hindustan (Theo- 

 phr.); is mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stevenson) and Institutes of Menu (transl. Deslonch.); 

 has a Sanscrit name (Pidd., and Royle ill. him. p. 418), is called in Bengalee "jab," in Hindustanee 

 ^'jau" (D'roz), in the environs of Bombay "jow satoor," but sometimes "sheer" (Graham), indicating 

 introduction by the Arabs. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason as " exotic " in Burmah ; was ob- 

 served by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called " o muggi." By European 

 colonists, was carried to America, where in our Northern States it continues extensively cultivated. 



/^, " 6uni " millstone, mill. — The character occurs as early as the Thirteenth dynasty (Leps. d. 



sii^ ii. pi. 149). 



t (ass-headed man "onokephalon " signifying untravelled ; because knowing nothing of his- 

 tory, nor of other countries, Horap. i. 23) ; "g6" or "£i6" or "i6" donkey; "iar" not saga- 

 cious, noseless ; "iai" to fear. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under 

 the ... . dynasty (pap. Ath. xv. 3, Buns, and Birch). 1 



The donkey, Equus asinus, probably already domesticated at the time of the invention of writing. 

 Its Egyptian name is given as "&6" or " Seu," signifying also beast of burden, as though the earliest 

 beast of burden known to the Egyptians : —apart from the hieroglyphic writing, the-donkey is figured 

 under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5) ; was observed by myself, kept in droves on monuments 

 of the Fourth dynasty at Gizeh, caparisoned as a beast of burden under the Fifth in the beautiful 

 tomb at Sakara ; and to the present day in Egypt, the usual mode of journeying is on donkeys. The 

 current name there of the donkey is however " hemar ; " from the Hebrew "hmwr." In Palestine, 

 the donkey is mentioned in the history of Abraham (Gen. xxii. 3) ; and under the name of " hmwr," 

 in Gen. xlix. 14, and Ex. xiii. 13. In Greece, the " onos " is mentioned by Aristophanes nub. 1273 

 and pac. 4, and others : while in Italy the transported name " onus " signifies burden, a new name 

 "asinus " being given to the animal, mentioned by Cato, Varro, and Pliny. In regard to the Western 

 origin of Hindu institutions, bramins riding donkeys are mentioned in the Institutes of Menu (Bra- 

 minical and Deslongchamps versions) ; donkeys continued in Hindustan to be used for riding in the 

 days of Arrian ; but throughout that country, I was unable to discover figures of the donkey in the 

 cave-temples, and cannot recollect meeting with the living animal. From Europe, the donkey was 

 carried to America by Columbus (F. Columb. 45 and 53). 



Y™~< "-7 (two hippopotamus hoofs facing downwards, signifying nnjust, ungrateful, unfilial, Horap. 



VV Ji- S3) ; "i£v" or "iev" or "£iv" hoof; "e"u6" debtor; "guma" or "Susop" together; 

 " Si6i6 " to be morose ; " i6ou " a swelling, to swell ; " iorfm "to be amazed. — The character occurs 

 as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 5). A second form p < ~h occurs also 



under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. pi. 26). u u 



(water and fire signifying purity, because all purification is accomplished through these elements, 

 Horap. i. 41) ; " gioouS " water, " mouS " fire, "iom" the sea; "iamSn" lake, pool; "£ia" or 

 ' niau " linen garments ; " ia " or " iSi " or " Si6 " or " el£ " or " Siaa " or " £ia " washing, to wash ; 

 'Sia-toot" to wash hands, abdicate; — in Hebrew " ym " sea, river. The character occurs from the 

 Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 5 to 66). In the pro- 

 cess of washing at Mocha, I remarked the clothes universally twisted in the above form. 



0"gial" ointment-vase ; "£ia" or "ia" or "iaau" valley; "Sia" torrent, bed of torrent; "Sioor" 

 or "fiiSro" or "iSro " or "iaro" river ; "ior" to pass over; — in English " to pass over Jor- 

 dan." The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of 

 hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 7 to 66). 



\ (ape followed by a smaller ape, signifying, a hated child will inherit, Horap. ii. 62); "gig" 

 JUL therefore, truly, — in English "yea." The character occurs under the . . dynasty (Champ, 

 gram. 42, 68, Salvolin., and Leps. ausw. 2). 

 Q "iai" or "elal" mirror; " giorm " or "gi6rm" or " iorgm '' or " i6rgm " to fix the eyes, gaze 

 Y intently ; " fiierh " or " giorh " or " £i6rh " to see, contemplate. — The character occurs from the 

 "T Third dynasty to the Twentieth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 98, iii. pi. 53 and 207, and k. pi.). A second 

 form Q occurs as early as the .... dynasty (Champ, gramm. 77, and diet. 237). 

 e long or ee, its pervading meaning we. 



(two men wearing the insignia of magistrates, signifying of the same mind, Horap. ii. 10) ; 

 ' meeoui " or " meeougi " or " meoui " to think ; or " meoui " to be of opinion, way of thinking ; 

 " ouSllfi " or " ouellS " tuning, musical chord ; " nse " or " s6 " yes. — The character occurs as early 

 as the ... . dynasty (Champ, text. 379) ; and as an emblem, is placed over royal ovals and on the 

 head of gods from the Seventeenth dynasty until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5, 23, 

 and 28 to 67). _ . 



/ / (two lines signifying unity, Horap. i. 1 1) ; " ep " or " dep " companion, partner ; " tshveeli or 

 "tshv«re'"or " tshver " or-" tshpher " companion, friend; "ep" to number; " epS " or " epi " 



m~. 



