36 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



number; " ei " two, a pair; "send" two; "set" double; "hen" near ;— in Greek "emSeVwe; 

 in Latin " ii " and " eae." The character occurs from the Ninth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 

 writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 138, 149, and k. pi. 7 to 67). Two upright lines, possibly forming a hiero- 

 glyphic character, occur as early as the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 58) ; and two ibis-feathers (cor- 

 responding to two fives even in Greek) occur often in hieroglyphic writing. 

 "V " eri " quail ; " oui " mine, together ; " doui " to draw near, come ; " doui doui " each ; " ereu " 



)jf or "greou" one another, each other; " ouer " how many; "the" she; "te" or "pe" he; 



teu " or " ne " they ; " neet " or " ne£te " these ; " s£epS " or " seepe " or " seepi " or " sepi " the 

 rest, remainder. — The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to 

 the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5 to 67). 



From the highly finished painting on the Gliddon mummy-case, the chick is found to be that of 

 the red-legged partridge, Perdix Graeca : known to be indigenous in Egypt : but I did not meet with 

 it, neither can I speak of the voice of the young. 



fjl (one straight line bent over upon another, signifying ten even lines, Horap. ii. 28) ; " meetS " 

 or "mete" or "med" midst; "met" or "metS" or " med " ten; — in Hebrew the tenth 

 letter " ywth " representing the number ten ; as does the derived "iota 1 ' of the Greeks, though only 

 the ninth letter ; in English " meet, meeting." The above character occurs under the Third dynasty, 

 and continues in use as a numeral until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). 



f (ostrich-feather, signifying administering impartial justice, the wing-feathers of the bird being 

 all equal, Horap. ii. no); "tshetsh" equal; " mei " just, true; "metsh" or " metshe " or 

 " meetsh6 " or " meetshe "or " meetshi " multitude, many. — The character occurs in combination as 

 early as the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 44, 56) ; and separately, from the Twelfth dynasty to 

 the Ptolemies (Leps.. k. pi. 12, and 25 to 57). 



The ostrich, Struthin camelus, having extended itself into the Syrian Desert, must have come by 

 way of the Isthmus, and have once ranged the Sahara to the shore of the Mediterranean. — Under 

 the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan, is figured with clusters of the eggs and feathers, at this time 

 clearly articles of traffic. Under the Eighteenth dynasty, similar clusters in the Tribute-processions 

 show distant if not foreign traffic. But our Nubian boat-captain informed me, that the ostrich breeds 

 to the present day about two hundred miles South and East of the First cataract. 



(harp signifying attracting and retaining, Horap. ii. 108) ; " 6u6ini " harp ; " ini " or " hetSn " 



or " hets " thumb; "me"" or " mfii " or "mei" or "m£r£" or " me'nrfi " to love; "meni"or 



" mene " or " mcene " day by day ; " mer " tied or bound ; " ouei " because ; — in English " win." 

 The character occurs as early as the .... dynasty (Champ, gram. 345). Apart from the hiero- 

 glyphic writing, harpers are figured under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 36), and as observed by 

 myself, under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan, and under the Twentieth at Bab-el-meluk. 

 /ifKlftnf " elp " or " erp " wine; "hleli" flower, bloom; " hleji " or " hleshS " sweetness. — The 

 J || character occurs under the Third dynasty, and continues in use, more or less modified .... 

 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 7). 



The only woody creeping plant familiarly known in Egypt is the grape-vino, and hence the fol- 

 lowing linguistic result ; from " erp " — we have in Greek "8rp6" to creep, "erpSton" reptile; in 

 Latin " repo " and " repto " and "serpo" to creep, "serpens" serpent; and in English "serpent, 

 reptile, creep." 



Vitis vinifera of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain vine and the fruit grape, in 

 France " vigne " (Prior), in Germany " weinstock " (Grieb), in Italy " vite " and the fruit " grappolo " 

 or"grappo d'uva " (Len^), in Greece " klcma " or " agriamp£16s " (Sibth.), in Egvpt and Yemen 

 " enab," and cultivated at the time of the invention of writing: — vineyards and full details of wine- 

 making are figured under the Fourth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth dynasties ; vineyards and wine 

 " yyn " are mentioned in the history of Noah (Gen. ix. 20 to 24) ; but at the present day in Kg\pt, 

 the fruit only is eaten. Farther North, " oinon " and the " ampeloeis " are mentioned by Hesiod op , 

 Homer il. iii. [84, Herodotus, and the " ampelou agrias " by Theophrastus ix. 20 ; " vinum " and the 

 " vitis," by Plautus, Varro, and Columella: V. vinifera is known to be cultivated in Italy, Spain, and 

 as far as middle Europe ; was observed by Forskal, Hawkins, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultiva- 

 tion and seemingly wild along river-banks from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; appears to be 

 really indigenous towards and along the Caspian (Ledeb., and A. Dec). Eastward from the Caspian, 

 has long been cultivated in Cashmere and Northern Hindustan (Royle) ; was observed by Bun^e 

 under cultivation in Northern China; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan and called "foto," or 

 usually " budo " or " iebi." Southward and Eastward from Egypt, was observed by Forskal under 

 cultivation on the mountains of Yemen, and grapes of excellent quality were found by myself in mar- 

 ket at Aden and Muscat; is called in Sanscrit " draksha " (A. Dec), in Bengalee " drakhya," in 

 Hindustanee " angur " or " tak " or "inab " (D'roz.), and according to Graham is " successfully cul- 

 tivated " on the Deccan ; is known in Burmah and called " sa-byeet " (Mason) ; but in general within 



