44 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



elsewhere on the monuments, white garments are exclusively worn by the Egyptians, and distinguish 

 them from foreigners. The Gliddon mummy-case is composed of layers of linen ; the whole process 

 of spinning and weaving is figured under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan ; and mummies (with 

 the possible exception of some of the most recent) are found inwrapped in white linen. " Atwn " 

 or fine linen, is mentioned in Proverbs vii. 16 ; has been identified with the " othone " of Homer il. 

 iii. 141, Aristophanes acharn. 1176, Luke xxiv. 12, and Acts x. 11 ; and already in the days of Pliny, 

 the linen manufacture had extended down the Rhine to the Batavi or Hollanders. Eastward in 

 Hindustan, where flax is cultivated for its capsules and seeds only, linen cloth is nevertheless 

 mentioned in the Institutes of Menu (Deslongchamps translation) : and farther East in Burmah, 

 where the plant is unknown, "linen garments" are enumerated as "among those which priests are 

 permitted to wear" (Mason v. p. 517). 



Linum usitalissimum of the Uralian plains. Called in France "lin" and the prepared fibre 

 "filasse " (Nugent), in Holland " vlas," in Britain flax or linear Unseed (Prior), in Germany "flachs " 

 or "lein" (Grieb), in Slavonian "flachs" (A. Dec), in Bohemian " len " (Bauhin), in Celtic " llin '' 

 signifying a thread (Thei's), in Italy "lino" (Lenz), in Greece "linari" (Sibth.), in Egypt "kittan," 

 but the oil from its seeds " zeyt har " (Del.): cultivated in Egypt at the time of the invention 

 of writing, — and fragments found by Unger in a brick of the pyramid at Dashur belonging to the 

 Twelfth dynasty (acad. Vienn., and journ. sc. Lond.) : the " hwr " is mentioned in Isaiah xix. 9, and 

 Esther i. 6 and viii. 15 , and L. usitatissimum was observed by Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey. and myself, 

 extensively cultivated for cloth-making in Egypt. Farther North, the "linon" is mentioned by 

 Homer il. ii. 529 and xviii. 570, Aeschylus suppl. 127, Herodotus, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides ; 

 the " linum " by Plautus, Cicero, Virgil, Columella, and Pliny : L. usitatissimum is termed " 1. sativum " 

 by Tournefort inst. 339 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation from 

 the Sperchius throughout Greece; by Lenz, in Italy ; is known to be cultivated throughout middle 

 Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. v. pi. 22) ; and according to Ledebour, grows as if wild on the 

 plains North of the Black Sea and Caspian. Southward and Eastward from Egypt, is called in Abys- 

 sinia " telba " or "entatieh," and is cultivated exclusively for the seeds which are roasted and eaten 

 (A. Rich. fl. abyss, i. p. 52): is called in Sanscrit "ouma" or "matousi" or " atasi " (Pidd.), in 

 Bengalee "shan" or " koshta," in Hindusttnee " san " or "atasi" or " tisi " (D'roz.), in the 

 environs of Bombay " ulsee " or " jowas-ulsee," the " unripe capsules " used as food by the natives 

 (Grah., and Gibs.), was observed by rmself under cultivation on the Deccan, but in general 

 throughout Hindustan is cultivated solely for the oil yielded by the seeds (Roxb., and Rovle ill. 

 p. 82). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under culti- 

 vation and is sometimes found springing up spontaneously; was also carried to the Mauritius 

 Islands (Boj.). Is enumerated by Lindley among medicinal plants, on account of the emollient 

 properties of the infusion, the meal of the seeds used for cataplasms, and the oil with lime-water 

 applied to burns. 



rosary; "kunari" necklace; " vn6ni " or " kevnoni " gem. — The character occurs under 

 the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 4, and k. pi. 6). A second form ^ occurs under the 

 Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 96, and Champ, diet. 235). Strings of beads, {/~il possibly for rosa- 

 ries, are brought by foreign delegates in the Tribute-procession to Tetmes III. 



The rosarv or string of prayer-beads as early perhaps as the invention of writing, — and I have 

 seen rosaries worn not by Catholics only, but by Muslims and Oriental Jews. 



(stork signifying father-loving, the bird never separating from its fathers unto extreme 

 old age, Horap. ii. 55); "noun" stork; "nsa" after, "nsSou" henceforth; " Snhot " or 

 " nhot " or " nhote " or ' nhootS " faithful ; " noun£ " or " nouni " root, to take root. — The 

 character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19). 



The stork, Ciconia, inhabits Egypt at least during the winter season ; — when the bird was seen 

 there by myself. Among the Creeks, the " pelargos " is mentioned by Plato ale. i. 135, and others. 

 Pliny x. 31 states, that the " ciconiae " leave Italy annually, but whither they go or whence they come 

 is unknown; that they return to the same nests and cherish the old age of their parents, "nidos 

 eosdem repetunt genetricum senectam invicem educant." 



nwJl (cicada signifying initiated and devoted to sacred things, for it yields music from its back, 

 ^ Horap. ii. 52) ; " nahvi " or " nahv " or " nShvS " yoke, neck ; " nahv " part of the back : " noiem " 

 sweet sounding ; " notm " conversion ; " notm " musician attracting others to the dance; "sense-n" 

 to sound, resound; — in Greek " n6tos " back; in English "note" (in music). The character occurs 

 from the Fourth nn_n dynasty to the Seventeenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 34 to iii. pi. 12). A second form 

 occurs under the v_7 Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 3S). 



(heart pendent from the fauces "pharuggos," signifying mouth of a good man, Horap. ii. 4); 



" anai " beauty ; " nSs6 " or " gnaso " or " Snese " or "enesho" beautiful, pleasing; " nang " or 

 'nanou" or " gnanou " good ; " nof " joy, " noufi " good, useful ; " noeros " prudent, wise ; "naeiat" 



