OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 45 



or"naiat" or " naigt" blessed, happy; " n6 " model ; —in Hebrew " naw£ " decorous, beautiful; 

 in English, the phrase "carries his heart in his mouth." The V character occurs as early as the 

 Sixth dynasty (Leps.d. V ii. pi. 112). A second form occurs as j early as the Tenth dynasty (Leps. 

 d. ii. pi. 146). A third L form occurs from the Tenth dynasty f % to the Persian emperors (Leps. 

 d. iii. pi. 35 to 246, \l/ and k. pi. 11 and 14 to 49). 



± guitar .■ " nafli " or " nofrS " or " novrg " or " noufrS " or " nofri " profit, utility, useful ; " tntn " 

 I or " tntfin " or " tentSn " to resemble, imitate ; " ging " or " oni " or " ing " like, similar ; gini " imi- 

 U tator, mimic ; " ini " likeness, image ; " en " ape ; " nouSshg " or " ngat " limit, extremity. — The 

 character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5 to 61). A 

 second form occurs from the Sixth dynasty to the Twentieth (Leps. k. pi. 5 and 6 to 41). 



x or ks, its pervading meaning example. 

 X (lion eating an ape to recover health, Horap. ii. 72) ; " thekos " male ape ; "xopina " suddenly, 

 unexpectedly ; " mokhs " troubles, pain, foes ; " tkas " grief. — The character occurs from the Fourth 

 dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the end of hieroglyphic writing (coffin of king Menkera, Leps. 

 d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 10 to 63). That the cross-mark of rejection is the origin of the twenty-second 

 Greek letter "hi" or X further appears from the Greek word "hiazo," to mark with a cross spurious 

 coins and writings. At the Western extreme of the Mediterranean, the Greek pronunciation of the 

 letter X continues in the Spanish alphabet : while in Italy in the Latin alphabet, though correspond- 

 ing in position X retains its normal sound "ks,'' as also in Northern Europe. 



m (pregnant bear signifying rude and not yet shaped; for the animal brings forth a mass like 

 a clot of blood, and holding this between her thighs, licks it with her tongue into shape, 

 Horap. ii. 79) ; " arx " a bear; — in English, the phrase " unlicked cub." The character occurs under 

 the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, bronze situlus Brit, mus., Buns, and Birch). 



The Syrian bear, Ursus Syriacus, known therefore to the Egyptians at the time of the invention 

 of writing; although the animal does not appear to have ever inhabited Egypt, — and in fact, Pliny 

 viii. 83 states, that bears do not occur in Africa. Apart from the hieroglyphic writing, a bear led by 

 Northern delegates is figured in a tribute-procession under the Eighteenth dynasty. In neighbouring 

 Palestine, the " thwb " killed by David (1 Sam. xvii. 34 to 37) is admitted to be a bear; and the 

 "thwb" is also mentioned in 2 Sam. xvii. 8, Prov. xvii. 12, 2 K. ii. 24, and Hosea xiii. 8. The above 

 account of the parturition of the bear transferred to Northern species, is repeated by Pliny respect- 

 ing the " arktos " of the Greeks and " ursus " of the Romans (U. arctos). 



" akgs " axe; " xala " vine-plantation; " kgks " bark; "keks" scales or plates; — in 



Greek " axine," in Latin "ascia," in English "axe." The character occurs as early as 



the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 63). That the implement represented is really an axe, appears 



from its use in the hands of a carpenter under the Seventh dynasty at Sauiet el Meitin (Leps. 



d. ii. pi. 108). 



__, "laxg" segment, angle; " elks " angle, corner. — The character occurs under the Third 

 ■^^ dynasty (Leps. k. 5). A second form A occurs from the Eighteenth dynasty to the Twenty- 

 sixth (Leps. d. iii. pi. 69, 167, and 232 to /J\ 276). A third form =jl occurs under the Twenty- 

 sixth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi 276). |J 



===sg "kgrax" pick-axe; " loux " or " lox " or " loks " or " 16ks " to bite (as a serpent), prick, 

 Y fix. The character has been already noticed as presenting evidence of the Stone period hav- 

 ing existed in Egypt, — and occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case. The metallic adze ======# ^===o 



occurs under the Fourth and Fifth dynasties ; and apart from hieroglyphic writing, is 

 used by a carpenter under the Seventh dynasty at Sauiet el Meitin (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 34, 49, and 108). 

 A fourth form ^ occurs under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 131). A fifth form rv_^ oc- 

 curs from the "* Fifth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 44, " and 

 k. pi. 23 to 62) : an intermediate form is found in the large adze held with both hands by a carpenter 

 under the Seventh dynasty at Sauiet el Meitin. 



"smot" or "smod" similitude, example ; " sootg " or "sotS" or "sad" arrow; "x" 

 C==OC ' or " s g " sixty. — The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third 

 dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 24, iii. pi. 139, 251, and iv. pi. 4). The bundle of arrows 

 may have given rise to the form -=_ of the Greek letter "ksi"; and the correspondence with one 

 form g> of the Phoenician " smk," seems to indicate that the Phoenician letter once had the 



sound of ks : the letters agree in position, numerical value of sixty, and confirmation is found in 

 the above Egyptian name. The facility with which ks is converted into S, is illustrated in English 

 A by the word " example " changed into "sample." 



W " shiks " handful of wool or tow on distaff. — The character occurs as early as the Fourth 

 W dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 97). 



^^ « sad " to spin or twist thread ; " sotg " thread. — The first character occurs under 

 XC^ '^^3 the Fourth dynasty ; the second, under the Fourth or Fifth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 10 and 83). 



