4& CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



14) ; in Greece, the " psullos " is mentioned by Aristophanes nub. 145 and 83 [, Dioscorides, and Lu- 

 cian ; and in Italy, the " pulex " by Columella, Pliny, and Martial. Eastward from Asia, the flea was 

 found by myself aboriginally introduced throughout the inhabited islands of the Pacific ; was also 

 aboriginally introduced throughout America to" the shores of the Atlantic in New England (R. Wil- 

 liams key, 6), having in the last two instances evidently accompanied the dog. 



jljTTjj "paganos " head-quarters, or palace; " tshtop " inn ; " pretsh " or " pors " mat; " portsh " or 

 JU^ " pdrtsh " or " prtsh " to spread out, strew ; — in English " preach," and " porch." The charac- 

 ter occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case. A second form ||| occurs under the Third and Fourth 

 dynasties (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 and 27, Champ, mon iv. 325, jjjjf 326). 



r"pat" knee; "poht" or "paht" to fall down before, prostrate one's self: "pSht" to bow 

 dnwn; "aspS" or "aspi" or "sapi" tongue, speech; "saps" or "sfips" or "sops" or 

 "sepsSp" or "sopsp" or "sopsop '' to beseech, supplicate. — The character occurs under the . . 

 dynasty (Champ, gram. 343, and Rosellin. mon. cul. 38). 



(? "poonS" or "p6on£" or " p66ni " or "p££n£" migration, to remove; "pet" or " p6t " or 

 "ph6t" or "phet" to run, flee; " sepe " swiftness ; "polsh " or "p61sh " to be delivered from, 

 liberated. — The character occurs under the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps d. iii. pi. 5), is perhaps 

 the origin of the form 1 of the seventeenth Phoenician letter "pha," and of the earliest form f of the 

 Greek letter "pi." The Nubian throwiug-club is besides figured under the Twelfth dynasty at Beni- 

 hassan (Champ mon. pi. 395) ; was found by Bonomi ninev. iv. 1 and pi. 41 employed by the Bishareen 

 as a missile principally for capturing game ; the pattern, as observed by myself, continuing unchanged. 

 Acacia Ailclii a of the Southern border of the Sahara as far as Arabia. Called in Yemen '• soul " 

 or "saelam," in Egypt " sahat " (Forsk. ) or as heard by myself "s6nt"; in which we recognize its 

 original Egyptian name "sond" or "tshond" : the Nubian throwing-clubs according to my Dongola 

 attendant are made of "selem " wood, and were ascertained bv Bonomi to be of "sunt" • the river- 

 barges in use at the time of the invention of writing may also have been of this timber, — as in the 

 time of Herodotus ii. (_/>, and to the present day (Clot- Be v ii. 2. 29) : the tree with its marked foliage 

 is figured at Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty (Champ, d. ii." pi. iS) ; the " akakia " of Egypt is 

 described by Ihoscorides as yielding a black " stuptikCn " astringent gum, mentioned also by Pliny 

 xxiv. 65, Rhazes, and the mode of procuring it described by Abdallatif i. 2 : A. Nilotica, whose pods 

 are besides used for tanning (Clot-Bey), was observed by myself planted and naturalized around vil- 

 lages throughout Egypt to the end of my journey at Assouan; beyond, according to Lepsius eg. and 

 sin. p. 129 to 170, is distinguished by the Nubians as "the tree," and was observed by him indigenous 

 in Upper Nubia. Eastward, was observed by Forskal indigenous along the base of the mountains of 

 Yemen, the bark used for tanning; by myself, under cultivation only at Muscat ; is called in Sanscrit 

 "burbura," in Bengalee " babula " or "babool," in Telinga " nella-tooma " (Lindl.), and the " babool " 

 tree, planted through the suggestion of Gil son, has become "common in the Deccan " (Graham), 

 principally as observed by myself for its shade along roadsides. 



A hieroglyphic character fl (possibly representing the rib) agrees at least in shape with the 

 Jfcsofioiaminn thro-^in^-ilub. II — The character is painted red on the Gliddon mummv-case. occurs 

 also under the Third, and down | to the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and iii.pl 5) A 

 throwing-club of similar shape is held by an Egvpti in under the Seventeenth dynasty, by the Asiatic 

 strangers at Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 9, and ii. pi. 131), and by individ- 

 uals on the Assyrian monuments. 



X "poms " scurrility ; " pashse " or " patse " spittle. — ■- The character occurs in the Bonk of the 

 Dead, also under the .... dynasty (Champ, gram. 99, 42, 154, and Buns, and Birch). 



(ichneumon signifying weakness, succoured by others; for the animal calls others to its 

 assistance before resisting a serpent, Horap. ii. 31) ; " pak£n-het " pusillanimous ; " penhct " 

 poor, destitute ; — in Greek "penes' poor; in Latin "penuria," penury, "pauper." The character 

 occurs in the Ritual, also under the dynasty (Buns, and Birch). 



The ichneumon, although belonging to a Tropical genus is known to inhabit Egypt along the 

 Nile; — was in ancient times protected by law, is at present called "nems,"and although verv de- 

 structive to all smaller animals is sometimes domesticated (Clot-Bey ii. <>(">). As inhabiting Egypt is 

 mentioned by Aelian, Pliny, Lucan, and other Greek and Roman writers. 

 » mantis or praying-insect ; " pctd " (one of the insects enumerated in transl. Levit xi. 22) ; 



mS^ 3 "pfitd" corslet; " p£td-tot £vol " fishmonger. — The character occurs under the . 

 dynasty (Champ, diet. 168). 



stand of balance-sc lies : "pesh"to be at variance; " p61j " or " p&rj " dissension ; " patshe " 

 half; "shijapi" to be in suspense, waver ;— in English "to halt between two opinions." The 

 character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 1). A second form occurs from 

 the Seventh dynasty to the Eighteenth (Leps. k. pi. 6 to 27). And a third from the Eighteenth 

 dynasty to the Twentieth (Leps. k. pi. 28 to 41). 



