OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 59 



(a woman or Isis signifying year ; Isis being the dog-star, by the Egyptians called " s6this,» 

 Horap .. 3) ; '• sou or « siou " star ; - si8d " or « shi6d " or " soun-hoor " the dog-star or Sirius ; 

 s.6th or ' sothis ■• dog ; « rompi » or " rompe » year, " rmpooue " years ; - compare also the 

 name of the city of" S.out " or « Sioout » or << Sioouth » or " Si66ut," to the present day called Siut, 

 but by the Greeks (Strab. xvii. 1. 40) translated " Lukopolis." The character occurs as early as the 

 Fifth dynasty (Leps. d „. pi. 44 to 64). A second form rfX occurs from the Seventh dynasty to the 

 Ptolemies (Leps. k. pi. 6 to 54). Ill 



Tfc (" koukoupha " hoopoe, and hoopoe-headed sceptre, signifying gratitude, the bird alone among 

 animals taking care of its parents in their old age, Horap. i. 52) ; « koukouphat " hoopoe ; " hmat » 

 r ' hmot or 'tenhout" grace, favour; "ourot" to give thanks. -The character occurs on the 

 Ghddon mummy-case and from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, 

 and k^ pi. 25 to 61). A staff agreeing with the above figure, was found by myself on the pilgrim route 

 near Suez ; and on being shown at Mocha, was recognized as of the pattern in vogue in Western 



The hoopoe, Upupa epops, was observed by myself frequent in Egypt ; at least during the winter 

 season. ° 



a^^ (stag's horn signifying long-lived ; for the animal renews its horns yearly, Horap. ii. 20) ; 

 —*-— " eioul " or " gieoul " or " Soul " stag ; " taiou " fifty ; " pgstaiou " or " pstaiou " or " stau " 

 ninety; "noutf '' to be reconciled. — The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. 

 pi. 5). 



The stag, Cervus elaphus, known therefore to the Egyptians at the time of the invention of writ- 

 ing : —apart from hieroglyphic writing, the stag is figured under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan 

 in hunting scenes belonging perhaps to a more Northern climate, for according to Pliny viii. 51, Africa 

 does not produce stags : this or an allied species is however known to inhabit Barbary ; and Wilkin- 

 son anc. Eg. iii. p. 23 was informed, that stags are sometimes seen near the Natron Lakes in Egypt. 

 In Palestine, the " ayl " is mentioned in Deut. xii. 15, xiv. 5, Psalm xlii. 1, Cant. ii. 9 and 17, Isai. 

 xxxv. 6 ; and the " ayle " or female, in Gen. xlix. 21, 2 Sam. xxii. 34, and Cant. ii. 7. In Greece, the 

 "elaphos " is mentioned by Homer il. i. 225, Sophocles aj. 178, Euripides iph. t. 11 14, and Xenophon 

 anab. i. 5. 2 ; and according to Pliny viii. 50, " cervi " sometimes swim in companies from Cilicia in 

 Asia Minor to Cyprus. As inhabiting Italy, the " cervus " is besides mentioned by Ovid ; the " cerva 

 aeripes," by Virgil ; and the " cerva silvicultrix," by Catullus. Farther North, the stag abounded in 

 Switzerland during the Stone period; as appears from debris of the earliest villages (Heer, in Troyon 

 p. 270). 



"% (cobra with the tail covered by the remainder of the body, by the Greeks called " vasiliskon," 

 )/ by the Egyptians " ouvaion,'' signifying an age or lifetime " ai6na," Horap. i. 1) ; " ovion " ser- 

 | pent ; " ouro " or " rro " king ; '■ oua&itsh " or " ouaitsh " or " ouoeitsh " or " SuoSitsh " or " seu " 

 or "seou" time, period of time ; " mouh " to fill, "si" or "seou" or "seu" filled; " nouoshS " 

 bounds; " nou " to expect; "nou" now; — in Latin " aevum " an age or lifetime. The character 

 occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k pi. 5 to 62). 



shgh (shibboleth of Judges xii. 6), its pervading meaning harvest. 



" osg " or " ogs " or " ohs " or " 8sg " sickle, harvesting ; " shaiosg " reapers ; " Shs-kam " to 

 cut reeds; " selishms " to collect spikes of grain; " ou6tsh " fissure or cleft. — The character 

 occurs from the Third dynasty to the Greek conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 5 to 50). 

 Jj "g£ms" or "gems" ear of corn; "hfims" ripe standing wheat; "souo" wheat; " 8sg " or 

 W " 6sh " or " ohs " or " 6hs " harvest ; — the sound shgh is preserved in Egypt, being the only 

 I sound that the camel will obey, and therefore learned by camel-drivers ; traces may also be found 

 in the Hebrew " shbld " spike of grain ; and in English, in the manner in which some persons pro- 

 nounce " shkat !". The character occurs as early at least as the Eighteenth dynasty, and continues 

 in use (Leps. d. iii. pi. 97, and Champ, diet. 228 and gram. 370). 



Triticum twgidum of the East Mediterranean countries. Downy wheat is distinguished in 

 Egypt and called " qamh a'raby " or " qamh sebaqeh " the strongest (Del.), and may prove the kind 

 cultivated at the time of the invention of writing: — standing crops of bearded wheat are figured 

 under the Fourth dynasty at Gizeh (Leps. d. ii. pi. 9), but nowhere on these nor on subsequent mon- 

 uments with the minute accuracy required for distinguishing species : the " qmh " is mentioned in the 

 history of Abraham (Gen. xviii. 6), and in the legislation of Moses (Numb. v. 15) : the " olura" in 

 the days of Herodotus was the favourite food of the Egyptians, is mentioned besides by Homer il. v. 

 196, and Dioscorides as cultivated among the Greeks, by Pliny xviii. 19 as confined to Greece, Asia 

 Minor, Syria, and Egypt : seeds unrolled in mummies were recognized by Decandolle phys. veg. 694 

 as those of T. turgidum ; the living plant was observed by Forskal, and Delile, abundantly cultivated 

 in Egypt ; by Bory, under cultivation in the Peloponnesus ; according to Koch, occurs at Constan- 

 tinople, Trebizonde, and in the Tschoruk country ; but appears to have continued unknown in and 



