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60 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



beyond Hindustan. Westward from Egypt, according to Loiseleur-Deslongchamps cereal, p. 75, was 

 cultivated in the days of Pliny at Rome (A. Dec); is termed " t. spica villosa quadrata breviore et 

 turgidiore" by Morison viii. pi. 1. f. 14, and seems well known in France and middle Europe (Linn., 

 and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to America, but to what extent it may be cultivated I 

 am not aware ; I remarked spikes intermixed with other kinds of wheat distributed in Oregon. (See 

 T. vulgare). 



^x^_^ (crocodile's tail signifying " skotos " darkness, the shades of death ; the animal having 

 ^ffl^S" 53 power chiefly in the tail, with which it kills its prey, Horap. i. 67) ; " stshng " or " outshsne' " 

 or "outshshnfi" suddenly; " stsh " or " tshsha" or "tshjap" stroke, " tshshotf" to strike or crush 

 in; "shshor" smoke; " sh&rh " nocturnal, " shorah " night; " shomshfim " or "shomshm" or 

 " shosm" darkness, the shades of death ; "tshsh<5" to wipe away, abolish ; " sshreht " or " sshraht " 

 or "sjrfiht" rest, silence ; — "oshs" to cover with pitch; in Hebrew "shhwr" or "shhr" black, 

 '• shhr " dawn. The character occurs as early at least as the . . dynasty (Champ, gram. 120 and 

 diet. 75). 



o guttural or 6r or aw, the Greek "om<5ga," its pervading meaning awe. 



(lion's head signifying awe "phoveron," Horap. i. 20) ; " au " were, mark of past time; 

 norj " or "hour" terror, horror; "hour" to be terrified. — The character occurs from the 

 Eleventh dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 1^0, iii. pi. 132, and k. pi. 23 to 63). 

 The form £2 of the Greek letter "omfiga" may be compared with a front view of the lion's head. 



(black pigeon " peristeTan " signifying widow ; solitary crow " k6r6ne " presaging widowhood, 

 Horap. ii. 30 and i. 8) ; " orv " or " orev" or " 6r£v" to close, shut up ; " orj " closed ; " mauaat " 

 or "mmauat" alone; " ahdria" solitary bird ; — in Hebrew "orv," in Sanscrit "karawa,"in 

 Greek " korax " and " k6r6ne," in Latin " corvus " and " comix," in French " corbeau '' and 

 "corneille," in English "crow." The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Ptolemies 

 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 5 to 52). 



The hieroglyphic character is clearly Ibis cristata ; a Madagascar bird, so far as known, not 

 inhabiting the countries on the Nile. 



/-> " auhfi " to be conquered ; " 6ms " falling headlong, to descend into the depths ; — in 



~zz-> S^=* English "fall." The character occurs from the Seventeenth dynasty to the Nineteenth 



fr^ ^^ (Leps. d. iii. pi. 5 to 165, k. pi. 32, papyri Brit, mus., Buns, and Birch). 



,_. " aule " hall ; " auut " dwelling: ; " au " or " auis " or " au£is " to reach ; " hau Svol " to reveal ; 

 JTr — in Hebrew " awlm," in Greek "aule," in Latin "aula," in English "hall." The character 

 ^^ occurs in the Book of the Dead 50 a 48. 35. c. 



(serpent watching or keeper of the world, signifying watchful king, Horap. i. 57) ; " orf " to 

 guard, keep; " aurej " end. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, and from the 

 Twentieth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Buns, and Birch, and Leps. d. iii. pi. 226, and 

 k. pi. 61 to 67). 



Or or um, humming, the sound uttered with closed lips or the musical element of the voice, its 

 pervading meaning knowledge ; the interjection " hem ! " or " humph ! " or " mum ! " 



r.A (owl " nuktikorax " signifying death ; for the bird attacks nestlings unexpectedly in the night, 

 /^jy as death comes unexpectedly, Horap. ii. 24) ; "vom"or "von" or " moulaj " or " moulouj " 

 nycticorax or owl ; " krmrm " or " krmrSm " or " hremrSm " murmuring ; " mouSut " or 

 " moout " or " mfiout " or " maou " to kill, to die ; " madut " dead ; " mou " death ; " emi " knowledge ; 

 — in Hebrew "cmS " murmuring or humming; further, in Hebrew "myd," in Sanscrit "mid" and 

 " medh " and " meth " and " mith '' and " math " and " muth " and " mri," in Zend " mrete," in Pehlevi 

 "murdeh,".in Malay " mita," in Spanish " mata," in Greek "mortos," in Latin "mors," in German 

 "mord," in French " mort," in English "mortal" and "murder;" also the owl regarded among the 

 Greeks as the "bird of wisdom." The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case and from 

 the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. A. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 5 to 62). 



The species selected, as appears from coloured figures on the Gliddon mummy-case, and 

 from the outline figure under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3) is the bam owl, Strix flammea ; — 

 a bird known to inhabit Egypt, as well as Europe, Asia, and North America. 



(soul "psuhen" long delaying in this life, represented by the phoenix bird, Horap. i. 32); 

 "psuhe" life, soul; — in Hebrew " ashmS " soul. The character occurs as early as the Fourth 

 dynasty (Leps. ii. pi. 96); is further traceable in the Phoenician alphabet ; and the butterfly is 

 well known to have been a symbol of the soul among the Greeks. 



Various species of butterfly are known to inhabit Egypt — (Clot-Bey ii. 90): and apart from 

 hieroglyphic writing, one or more apparently exotic species are figured under the Twelfth dynasty at 

 Benihassan. 



(phoenix signifying returning home after long journeying, Horap. i. 33 : also renewal after a 



|~ ~h long interval, the dead phoenix being buried by the Egyptian priests, Horap. ii. 54) ; " thgms " 



' or " thorns " or " th&ms " or " tamgs " or " t£ms " or " toms " or " t6ms " to bury ; " thSmio " 



rm 



