OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 63 



found in the hieroglyphic oval of his successor; one of the characters being clearly a national em- 

 blem or standard. It does not seem probable, that the first military campaigns extended any great 

 distance beyond the Sinai peninsula. 



Sixteenth generation. May 1st, 3767, among living men : 



The founding of the city of Memphis is also attributed to Menes — (Herodot. i. 105) : and some 

 confirmatory evidence will be remarked under the succeeding reign. 



" 376 T > vernal equinox " (Nicolas, one mode of reckoning the birth of Jared corresponding very 

 nearly, 3348 + " 187 -f- 65 -f- 162 years " of Gen. v. 18 to 25 and Josephus = 3762), the Mundane 

 era of the Jews : their civil era beginning in the following October. — The Mundane era (according 

 to Steinschneider ii. 10) is first mentioned by Sabbatai Donolo. The current reckoning corresponds ; 

 the " Feast of the Passover " being celebrated in A. D. 1857 "on the evening of the 8th " of April, 

 " which is the 15th day of the Jewish month Nisan, of their year 5617 " (Boston newspaper), -(- 1 — 

 1857 = 3761 B. C. (See Hillel Hanassi). 



3741 B. C. (= 3742 in calendar years = 3715 -f- " 27 " = 3055 -f- ", 198 -f- 297 -\- 252 — 60 " 

 of the Euseb.-Maneth. table), Menes succeeded by his son Athothis, second king of Egypt : 

 — to whose reign "fifty-nine" years are assigned by Eratosthenes. No contemporaneous 

 monuments are known : — but the hieroglyphic oval of king Athot occurs in the genealogical 

 table in the Turin papyrus (Leps. k. pi. 5 and 9). 

 Seventeenth generation. Sept. 1st, 3734, among living men : 



Athdthis built a " royal mansion " at Memphis (Maneth.) ; whether of wood, broken stone, or of 

 dobi (sun-dried brick), we are not informed ; probably, of the last-named material. — The change in 

 cottage-architecture to windowless dome-shaped mud huts, took place prior to the invention of the 

 Phoenician alphabet (compare the letter " thld " or " daleth "). A possible connexion may be found 

 in the Hebrew name of Memphis " mph " (Hos. ix. 6), which seems the origin of "mapalia " (Lucan 

 iv. 684, and Hieronym. prolog, at Amos.) the Roman name of these dome-shaped mud huts, built to 

 the present day by the general population of Egypt. 



King Athothis was of the medical profession, and wrote on anatomy — (Maneth.). Of the " Sa- 

 cred Books" of the Egyptians known to Clemens Alexandrinus, " six " treated of medicine. And 

 the Egyptian physicians continued in high repute in the time of Herodotus. 



The healing art being practised, traffic by land was in existence for procuring drugs: — the drugs 

 or medicines of Egypt, are pointedly alluded to by Homer; and to the present day, Egypt continues 

 in a good measure the centre of the drug trade. 



The procuring of perfumes and valuable gums, would naturally fall into the hands of the same 

 traders : — direct evidence of the importation of gums under the Tenth dynasty, is found in the 

 lining of a mummy-case described by Birch (in Glidd. ot. ^Egypt. Lond. 1849). 



The procuring of gems, may also have been included ; though these were derived in some in- 

 stances from more distant countries : —different kinds of gems or precious stones are figured (ac- 

 cording to Champollion-Figeac anc. Eg. 208) in Tribute-processions under the Eighteenth 

 dynasty; are also mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures. 



3714 B. C. (= 3715 in calendar years = 3684 -f " 31 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 3055 + 

 « JQ8 4- 297 -J- 252 — 60 — 27 " of the Euseb.-Maneth. table), Ath6this succeeded by his son 

 _^-Z Kenkgnes, third king of Egypt. In Eratosthenes' List, he is called " Athothis II. " with — 

 " thirty-two " years assigned to his reign. 



Eighteenth generation. Jan. 1st, 3700, among living men : 



3683 B. C. (= 3684 in calendar years = 366c -f " 23 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Ken- 

 kenes succeeded by his son Ouenephes, fourth king of Egypt. 

 V, J " In the reign of Ouenephes '' (Maneth.), a famine. 



Ouenephes built pyramids at K6h8men — (Maneth.) : and these pyramids appear to have con- 

 tinued a chronological landmark in after times. (The village of Lahoum, not far from the Labyrinth, 

 presents at least some similarity in name). __ 



According however to Mariette 76, the terraced pyramid at Sakkarah was built by Ouenephes. 

 It is nearly 394 feet square at base, by 196 feet high, has seven steps (like the Babylonian towers), is 

 " constructed of calcareous stone and granite " without " the minute care and finish of the pyramids 

 of the later dynasties," and " a sarcophagus and some other remains were discovered in it when 



opened" (Birch). . _ 



The hieroglyphic sign of the pyramid A probably not earlier than the reign of Ouenephes : — 



it occurs under the Fourth dynasty, and .44 continues in use under the Twelfth (Leps. d. 11. pi. 

 17, and k. pi. 5 to 12). 



