66 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



The " aroura " is further described by Horapollo as a measure of land containing a hundred 

 cubits : laini-survcviug therefore practised at this early date in Egypt. 

 Thirty-first generation. May ist, 3267, among living men : 



" In the reign of N&SrSphes " (Maneth.), revolt of the Lybians (Westward of the Nile) ; but 

 "alarmed at the moon increasing unexpectedly, they surrendered." 



3240 B. C. (= 3241 in calendar years — 3212 -\- " 29 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), NehJrS- 

 phes succeeded by Tosorthros or SSsorthos, second king of the Third dynasty; and by the 

 Egyptians esteemed as or called " Aesculapius on account of his medical skill." The name 

 of king Seser-en-ra occurs in tombs South of the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth pyramids 

 (Glidd. analect). 

 Thirty-second generation. Sept. ist, 3234, among living men: 



Hewn or squared stone first employed in building by Tosorthros (Maneth.). For squaring the 

 harder kinds of stone, metallic tools are indispensable ; and the nearest source of supply is the copper 

 at Wadi Maghara in the Sinai peninsula, already mentioned. 



Tosorthros also bestowed care on or improved the writing (Maneth.). As in all subsequent 

 improvements, the result was probably increased facility. 



In painting hieroglyphic characters, the animals may at first have been distinguished by their 

 natural colours, — as in a mummy-case found by Gliddon at Sakkarah ; but as early as the 

 Fourth dynasty, hieroglyphic characters have conventional colours (see Leps. d. ii. pi. 19 to 22). 

 32 1 1 B. C. (=3212 in calendar years = 3205 -(- "7" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Tosorthros 

 succeeded by Turis, third king of the Third dynasty. — The name of " Tures " occurs on 

 monuments of the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. k. pi. 24). 



3204 B. C. (=3205 in calendar years =3188+ "17" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Turis 

 succeeded by Mes&hris, fourth king of the Third dynasty. 

 Thirty-third generation. Jan. ist, 3200, among living men : 



3187 B. C. (= 31HS in calendar years = 3172 -)- " 16" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Mes&hris 

 succeeded by Souphis, fifth king of the Third dynasty. — The accompanying oval is referred 

 here in Poole's hor. /Eg. p. 221 ; and was observed by myself under the Twelfth dynasty at 

 Benihassan. A hieratic papyrus (in the possession of Lepsius Eg. and Sin. p. 395) contain- 

 ing the names " of Chufu and Snefru of the Third Manethonic dynasty, and three other kings 

 probably belonging to the same dynasty, all cited as dead." 



3171 B. C. (= 3172 in calendar years = 3153 -f- " 19 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Souphis 

 succeeded by ToseYtasis, sixth king of the Third dynasty. 

 Thirty-fourth generation. May ist, 3167, among living men : 



3152 B. C. (= 3153 in calendar years = 3111 -|- --42 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), T6s£r- 

 tasis succeeded by Ahcs, seventh king of the Third dynasty. 



Thirty-fifth generation. Sept. 1st, 3134, mostly beyond youth: " Hapenmat " mother of 

 king Snofru (Leps. k. pi. 5). 



3110 B. C. (=3111 in calendar years = 3081 -\- "30" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Ahes 

 ^- S succeeded by Sephouris, eighth king of the Third dynasty. The name of king " Snofru " has 

 been found on contemporaneous monuments. — He is the earliest king mentioned in the sculp- 

 tures of the necropolis at Gizeh (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, 16, and 17 . . . ) ; and precedes Sehura 

 in the series of kings at Karnak. 



King Snofru carried on war in or beyond the Sinai peninsula : as appears from his name 

 and portrait at Wadi .Maghara, representing him in the act of smiting a bearded foreigner be- 

 longing to the White Race, as already mentioned. Mines of turquoise occur at Wadi Maghara, — 

 and according to Brugsch continue to be worked (bibl. Orient, ii. 177). 



"3102, midnight Feb. 17th to 18th " ( . . . . Burgess), beginning of the last kali-yug of the 

 Hindus. — The "year 4900" of the kali-yug "ended on the 12th of April 1799" (Bentley as. res. viii. 

 p. 212). 



The above date is possibly to be regarded as the real commencement of Hindu historical record, 

 for the "one hundred and fifty-three" kings anterior to Sandracottus (Megasth., and Arrian ind. 9) 

 will give an average reign of more than eighteen years. 



Thirty-sixth generation. Jan. ist, 3100, mostly beyond youth : 



Building by Snofru of one of the great pyramids at Dashur (Leps. k. synops. 4). Its construc- 

 tion may afford evidence of knowledge of geometry. In fact, the leading truths in mathematical sci- 

 ence appear to have been nearly all found out. Further evidence of knowledge of geometry has been 

 given under this dynasty in the hieroglyphic character of the quarter-acre: — and Herodotus ii. 109 

 (writing before the time of Euclid) expresses the opinion, That the Greeks obtained their knowledge 

 of geometry from the Egyptians. 



A calendar also in use, as appears from " signs of the seasons and their months " on stones 



