OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 67 



of this pyramid (Leps chron.). The hieroglyphic character of the date-palm with four leaves \ 

 (according to Horapollo 1. 3), should represent a four-months period, and therefore an Egyptian 4= 

 ^ S °™ V° nhnUeS '" u ? e - until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k pi. 5 to 

 67). The four-years period or " olumpias," may however be compared; especially as the word 

 " olumpias " is said to be Egyptian. y 



The division of the day into "hours, minutes, seconds, and 6oths of a second," may also have 

 beenm use : according to Lepsius, this division was known to the Egyptians from an early period. 

 ( ^ 3080 B C (= 3081 in calendar years = 3055 + " 26 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Sephouris 



succeeded by KerphSres, ninth king of the Third dynasty. - The name of king Khuf-ra occurs 



in hieratic characters (Leps. k. pi. 7). 



Thirty-seventh generation. May 1st, 3067, mostly beyond youth : 



3054 B. C (= 3055 in calendar years = 2498 + » 203 — 100 -f 6 + 448 » in the Euseb.- 



Maneth. table), KSrpheres succeeded by S6ris, head of a new dynasty ; another Memphite 



dynasty. The name of king " Sor " on the monuments is identified with S6ris by Lepsius 



k. pi. 5. 



Thirty-eighth generation. Sept. 1st, 3034, mostly beyond youth : 



3025 B. C. (= 3026 in calendar years = 3055 — " 29 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), S6ris 



succeeded by Souphis II. or Cheops, second king of the Fourth dynasty. The name of 



Chufu occurs at Wadi Maghara, and in the necropolis at Gizeh ; where he follows Snofru and 



precedes all the other kings mentioned there : — his name occurs also Shech Said, and on later 



monuments and genealogical tablets (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, 10, 16, 18, 50, 55, 76, and 112). 



Having selected Gizeh for the site, Chufu commencing the Great pyramid, 746 feet square at 



base, by 450 feet high (Birch). The necropolis around appears also to have been planned, and some 



of the tombs constructed during his reign. 



The internal passages and chambers of the Great pyramid are of sienite , procured of course at 

 the First cataract of the Nile, and floated in barges all the way down the river. 



The base of the Great pyramid is said to conform to an exact meridian line ; and other details 

 in the construction, are given as evidence of advancement in astronomical science. 



" On monuments of the Fourth and Fifth dynasties," the length of the cubit was ascertained to 

 be "five hundred and twenty-four millimetres : " the standard weights and measures being those — 

 known in later times among the Babylonians and Persians. 



From the contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh, the wealthier Egyptians are found in good part 

 devoted to pastoral pursuits. Agricultural occupations are however represented ; with persons 

 engaged in curing fish. Burdens are carried by a balance-beam on the shoulder : — as to the present 

 day among the Polynesians. 



Hornless cattle, Bos taurus, now make their appearance, figured in herds under the Fourth 

 dynasty — (Leps. d. pi. 22 and 9) : figures continue on the monuments under the . . dynasty. I 

 have sometimes seen hornless cattle in America, but do not know, whether they constitute a distinct 

 breed. (See Socotra). 



A wooden statue of the time of the Fourth dynasty and remarkable as a work of art was found 

 by Mariette 77 to have been originally covered with a thin layer of " stuc." The smooth hard stucco 

 called around the Indian Ocean chunam was observed by myself to have been in use in Egypt from 

 the commencement of Monumental history ; — and to the present day well known along the coasts of 

 Arabia, employed even for sheathing ships ; well known also from ancient times in Hindustan, being 

 the material on which the paintings in the Adjunta cave-temples were executed. 



In an inscription enumerating offerings by king Chufu, mention is made of images worked in ivory 

 (Mariette 77). The material was of course procured from the African elephant on the Upper Nile. 



The skull of Prince Merhet, of Chufu's family, — discovered with evidence of its identity by 

 Lepsius (Eg. and Sin. p. 62). . 



Souphis II. succeeded by Souphis III., third king of the Fourth dynasty. The name of 

 king Chnemu-chufu occurs in contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh ; and in this necropolis, — and 

 on the subsequent monuments, he is invariably placed next after Chufu (Leps. d. ii. pi. 50). 



Chnemu-chufu carried on war in or beyond the Sinai peninsula ; as appears from his name 

 and portrait at Wadi Maghara, where he is represented in the act of smiting the above- 

 mentioned bearded nation belonging to the White Race (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2). 



The name of Chnemu-chufu occurs in quarry-marks on stones of the Great pyramid ; in one 

 instance, accompanied by the name of his predecessor. Chnemu-chufu therefore completed the 

 Great pyramid; and apparently, from the central chamber upward. 



These original quarry-marks rudely drawn with red chalk, further demonstrate : That hiero- 

 glyphic writing was in general use, was rapidly executed, and was the only kind of writing known. 

 Thirty-ninth generation. Jan. 1st, 3000, mostly beyond youth : 



