68 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Allium Ascalonicum of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain scallion or shalot, 

 in France " echalote " (Nugent), in Germany " schalotte," in Italy " scalogno " or " ascalonia " (Lenz), 

 in Greece "gethuon" (Zalikogl.), and figures in different tombs at Gizeh, agreeing always in the bulb 

 hardly swelling, — appeared to me to belong here (compare Leps. d. ii. pi. 36 and 98); the same 

 figures doubtless correspond to the " krommua " and " skorotha " of the interpretation to Herodotus of 

 the inscription on the Great Pyramid : A. Ascalonicum was observed in Egypt by Alpinus ; and by 

 Hasselquist in Palestine (Linn.). Farther North, the "gethuon " is mentioned by Phrynichus, Anax- 

 andrides, Alexis, Epaenetus, and Theophrastus ; A. Ascalonicum was observed by Bory and Chaubard 

 in stony places in the Peloponnesus ; by Visiani, under cultivation in Dalmatia ; and according to 

 Koch, has become naturalized near Fiume on the Adriatic (A. Dec). Farther West, is termed " cepa 

 sterilis " by C. Bauhin ; is described by Morison iv. pi. 14; is known to occur in Italy (Lenz), and 

 under cultivation throughout middle Europe. Eastward from Egypt, has been long known in Hindus- 

 tan (Roxb., and D'roz.), and was observed by Graham "cultivated" around Bombay; by Mason, 

 " exotic " in Burmah ; and by Loureiro, under cultivation in Cochinchina. By European colonists, was 

 carried to Northeast America, where I have found it cultivated to some extent in our Middle States. 

 2982 B. C. (= 2983 in calendar years = 2920 -\- "63 " of the Afr. Maneth.-table), the acces- 

 sion of Shafra, fourth king of the Fourth dynasty, may be placed provisionally at this date. 

 His name occurs in contemporaneous tombs in the necropolis at Gizeh : — and in the "Eighty- 

 sixth" tomb (Leps. d. ii. pi. 8 to 13), he precedes Menkera. 



The small temple of " alabaster " (stalagmite ?) and " syenite,'' situated behind the Great 

 Sphinx, was built by Shafra (Birch). Shafra also built a pyramid, as appears from the sign of one 

 accompanying his name ; and (according to Herodotus, and Diodorus i. 64. 1) the Middle pyramid at 

 Gizeh was built by king Kephren or Havruen. A statue of king Shafra, also remarkable as a work of 

 art, — is now in the museum at Paris (Mariette 77). 



One of the tombs at Gizeh, is supposed to be that of the "architect" employed by king Shafra. 

 Fortieth generation. May 1st, 2967, mostly beyond youth : 



Apart from the hieroglyphic writing, a monkey, Cercopithecus, is figured in tombs at Gizeh ; 

 having of course been brought from Equatorial Africa beyond the Desert : — the species continues 

 the same throughout these tombs (Leps. d. ii. pi 13 and 36) : but under the Twelfth dynasty at Beni- 

 hassan. other species make their appearance, all of them African. Throughout the monuments, I 

 was unable to discover any connexion of monkeys proper with the Egyptian mythology ; a marked 

 distinction from the Hindu system. 



Typha angustifolia of the Mediterranean countries and the shores of the Atlantic as far as 

 Northeast America. A smaller kind of cat-tail flag called by the Greeks " tosazi " (Forsk.),'and 

 possibly that figured among offerings in tombs at Gizeh — (Leps. d. ii. pi. 14, 36, and 68) : T. angus- 

 tifolia was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Rosetta. Farther North, 

 was observed by Forskal from Smyrna to Constantinople, having " two female spikes " and used for 

 feeding horses ; by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in the marshes of Greece Westward, is known to grow in 

 Italy (Lenz), and along the Atlantic as far as Britain (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 62) : and farther West, has 

 been observed by myself only in the submaritime pools of Massachusetts Bay in New England. 



Typha latifolia of Northern climates. Called in Britain cats tail or reed-mace or bull-segg or 

 pool-sedge (Prior), in Germany "rohrkolbe" (Grieb), in Italy with other species " tifa " or " sala " or 

 " mazza sorda " (Lenz), in Greece " psathe " (Sibth.) : agreeing better with the above figures on the 

 monuments, the root besides edible — (Linn.), but not met with by modern visitors in Egypt. Farther 

 North, "psiathos" mats are mentioned by Aeschylus ag. 1521, and Aristophanes ran. 567; the 

 "tuphe," by Theophrastus i. 8, growing according to Dioscorides in the stagnant water of marshes ; 

 and in these situations T. latifolia was observed by Sibthorp in Greece. Westward, is described by 

 Tragus (Spreng.) ; is termed " t. palustris major" by Tournefort inst. 530; and is known to grow 

 in Italy, Algeria, Portugal (Brot., Desf., and Munby), and throughout middle and Northern Europe 

 to the border of the Arctic region (fl. Dan. pi. 645, Fries, and A. Dec). Eastward from the Medi- 

 terranean, is known to grow about Caucasus, the Caspian, the Altaian mountains, and throughout 

 Siberia (Gmel., Pall., Bieb., and Ledeb.). Farther East, was observed by Drummond on the Sas- 

 katchewan in Lat. 54 , by Nuttall on the Arkansas, and is known to grow along the Atlantic from 

 Lat. 51 in Newfoundland to and beyond 31° in Florida (Lapylaie, Ell., Baldw., Chapm.. and myself): 

 "flags" were gathered by the aboriginal women of New England to make mats for their dwellings 

 (W. Wood prosp. ii. 20) ; and the poorer settlers of Virginia were " very fond " of the plant " because 

 it has a sweetish taste " (Forst. cat.). 



2960 B. C. (= 2952 -f his "9th year" in an inscription, Chabas), accession of MgnhSres 

 fifth king of the Fourth dynasty. The name of king " Menkaura" occurs in contemporaneous 

 tombs at Gizeh ; — and in the " Eighty-ninth " (Leps.), he is placed after Shafra and before 

 Aseskef. His name occurs also in the genealogical tables of later times, and in sacred writings 

 and prayers : for his memory appears to have been long venerated by the Egyptians. 



