70 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



2872 B. C. (= 2873 in calendar years = 2895 — " 22 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Viheris 

 succeeded by Se>£rhe>es, eighth king of the Fourth dynasty ; to whose reign " seven " years 

 are assigned. The name of king " Aseskaf " occurs in contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh : — 

 and in the " Eighty-ninth " he is placed after Menkaura and before Useserkaf (Leps. d. ii. pi. 

 41, 50, and 55). Asychis according to Herodotus succeeded Menkaura. 

 Forty-third generation. May 1st, 2867, mostly beyond youth : 



Some time after the building of the Great pyramid (Leps. trav. 28 and 52 to 118) 

 but before the close of the Fourth dynasty (Birch), a canon of proportions first adopted in 

 representations of the human form. — This canon continued unchanged throughout the "Twelfth 



• dynasty." 

 2865 B. C. (= 2866 in calendar years = 2873 — " 7 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Severheres 

 succeeded by Thampthis, ninth king of the Fourth dynasty : — to whose reign " nine " years 

 are assigned. The name of king Tha-med has been found on the monuments by Lepsius 

 (k. pi. 7) ; with evidence, that he preceded the Tenth dynasty. 



c ^> As the sphinx possibly indicates taxation, the earliest representation becomes a 



/ ^r ~ ^-is3 point of interest. The above headless figure occurs under the Fourth dynasty at 



Sakara (Leps. d. ii. pi. 96), but is not free from ambiguity ; and Lepsius eg. and gin. p. 67 states, that 

 the image of the sphinx is " not in general met with in the Pyramid period." — Heads of sphinxes 

 were found in the tomb of the mother of the first king of the Seventeenth dynasty ; and from this 

 time, representations of the sphinx become frequent : forming besides a hieroglyphic character t^— 3 

 from at least the Nineteenth dynasty to the Greek conquest (Leps. k. pi. 32 to 50). 



2S56 B. C. (= 2857 in calendar years = 2866 — "9 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 2210 -)- 



" 16 -f- 43 + 185 -(- 100 -)- 100 -f- °-75 d- + 203 " of the Euseb.-Maneth. table), Thampthis 



I succeeded by Ous£rh£res, head of the Elephantinite dynasty. To whose reign ''twenty-eight" 



years are assigned. The name of king Usesurkaf occurs in contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh : — 



and in the " Eighty-ninth," he is placed after Aseskaf and before Sehura. His name occurs 



also at Shech Said (Leps. d. ii. pi. 40, 48, and 112). 



A tomb at Sakara containing the name and constructed during the reign of Usesurkaf, may be 

 regarded as vindicating in the beauty of the sculptures the judgment of Herodotus : .in placing cer- 

 tain Egyptian works of art on a par with any in Greece. 



Khuumhotep was priest of the king's pyramid, — which has not as yet been identified (Birch). 

 Forty-fourth generation. Sept. 1st, 2834, mostly beyond youth : 



2828 B. C. (= 2829 in calendar years = 2857— "28" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), OuseFhe'res 

 succeeded by SSphres, second king of the Fifth dynasty : to whose reign " thirteen " years 

 are assigned. The name of king Sehura occurs at Wadi Maghara, and in contemporane- 

 ous tombs at Gizeh: — and in the "Eighty-ninth," he is placed after Usesurkaf; and in 

 the "fifteenth," after Chufu and before Nofirikara (Leps. d. ii. pi. 39, 47, 50, 55, and 74). 

 His name occurs also in the genealogical tables of later times, as in the chamber of kino-s at 

 Karnak. 



Sehura carried on war in or beyond the Sinai peninsula : his portrait at Wadi Ma°iiara repre- 

 senting him in the act of smiting the before-mentioned bearded nation belonging to the White Race 

 (Forty days in the Desert pi. 12). 



Sehura built the North pyramid at Abusir ; his name occurring in red quarry-marks on one of 

 the component blocks of stone. 



2815 B. C. (= 2S16 in calendar years = 2829 — " 13 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Sephres 

 succeeded by NephSrhSres, third king of the Fifth dynasty: to whose reign " twentv " 

 years are assigned. The name of king Nofirikara occurs at Sakara, and in contemporaneous 

 tombs at Gizeh: — and in the "Fifteenth," he is placed between Sehura and Raensesur ; 

 but by a rare inconsistency, before Sehura in the "Seventeenth " tomb (Leps. d. ii. pi. 47, 50, 

 55. and 59). 



A porcupine, Hystrix cristata, is figured in one of the above tombs (Leps. d. ii. pi. 46). The 

 original may have been imported from beyond the Euphrates : — for I have met with the animal only 

 in Hindustan, where quills are occasionally found throughout the country ; the possible ori°-in of the 

 legend mentioned by Pliny viii. 53, that the porcupine shoots its quills. Pliny however attributes 

 " hystrices " to both India and Africa ; showing at least, that the animal became known to the Romans 

 through Africa. 



Nofirikara built a pyramid : and several functionaries of his reign were buried in the tombs at 

 Gizeh (Birch). 



Forty-fifth generation. Jan. 1st, 2800, mostly beyond youth : 



