7 2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



(Forsk.) or " kharchouf " (Del.), and figures in one of the tombs, possibly intended for the lettuce, 

 more resemble floral heads of the artichoke : —the " kinara " was found by Ptolemy III. Euergetes 

 on the river Lethon in Lybia (Athen. ii. 84) ; and C. scolymus was observed by Forskal, Delile, 

 Clot-Bey, and myself, abundantly cultivated in Egypt. Farther north, the "kinara" is mentioned by 

 Hecataeus, Sophocles, Sopater of Paphos, and Galen al. fac. ii. 51; C. scolymus was observed by 

 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding throughout the Peloponnesus, but according to Fraas is only 

 seemingly wild. Westward, the " cinara" is mentioned by Columella xi. 3. 14, Scribonius, and Pliny 

 viii. 41 ; is described by Lobel pi. 2. 6 ; is termed " c. sylvestris latifolia " by Tournefort inst. 442 ; is 

 known to occur as a weed in cultivated ground in Italy, Sicily, Barbary, Portugal, Southern France, 

 and is besides regularly cultivated as far as middle Europe (Pers.). Eastward from Egypt, is called 

 in Bengalee " hatickak " (D'roz.), in the environs of Bombay " kingin " and " cultivated in Deccan 

 gardens " (Grah.) ; was observed by Ainslie mat. ind., and Roxburgh, under cultivation in other 

 parts of Hindustan. By European colonists, was carried to America, where I have found it sparingly 

 cultivated for its edible calyx-leaves in our Middle States. 



Cucumis fiexuosus of Equatorial Africa. The long curving cucumber called in Egypt "guttSh" 

 (as heard by myself), " cucumer longissimus " in Egyptian " sh6pi " (Edw., "cucumer" being 

 " tshplok" or "tshpldk," Kirch.) agrees with the long green slightly-curved fruit figured in tombs 

 at Gizeh — as well as under the Seventeenth or Eighteenth dynasty: the "htS" is mentioned in 

 Ex. ix. 32 ; the '• kathe " by Rhazes, Abd-allatif, and Alpinus : C. flexuosus was observed in Egypt 

 by Hasselquist; by myself, the fruit only, curving to the length of three or four feet, and devoid of 

 papilla;. Farther North, the " cucumis anguinus " is mentioned by Varro i. 2. 25, Columella vii. 10. 5, 

 and Pliny. 



Citrullus vulgaris of Equatorial Africa. Called in English watermelon, in German "wasser- 

 melone " (Grieb), in French "pasteque" (Nugent), by the Greeks "karpousia" (Fraas) and by the 

 Turks " carpus " (Forsk.), in Russia " arbus " (Erman i. p. 235), in Persia " hinduanach " (Ainsl.), in 

 Egypt "batykh" (Del.), in Egyptian "p51£pep6n'' (Sept. transl. Num. xi. 5) or "pelp&i" (Kirch.), 

 and agreeing in shape and relative size with a green fruit figured in tombs at Gizeh — as well as 

 under the Seventeenth and Eighteenth dynasties : the " abatyhym " of Egypt were longed for by the 

 Israelites in the Desert; the "batykh" is mentioned by Serapion, Ebn Baitar, and Abd-allatif; and 

 C. vulgaris was observed by Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself, under cultivation in Egypt. 

 Farther North, " melopeponas " are mentioned by Columella, and Pliny xix. 23 ; the " melopgpon," 

 by Florentinus (Geopon. xii. 20), and is distinguished by Galen alim. ii. 5 by its internal substance 

 that contains the seeds being edible; C. vulgaris is described by Matthioli p. 369, Lobel obs. pi. 641, 

 and Dalechamp p. 625 ; was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, but in general seems 

 little known in Western Europe. Southward and Eastward from Egypt, trie fruit was observed by 

 myself in market at Mocha and Muscat : C. vulgaris is called in Sanscrit " chaya pula " (Ainsl., and 

 Pidd.), in Bengalee and Hindustanee " tarbuj " (D'roz.), in the environs of Bombay " tarbooza," and 

 " extensively cultivated " (Graham, and myself). Farther East, was observed by Mason v. p. 456 

 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated by both Karens and Burmese, and called " pha-rai ; " by Loureiro 

 p. 730, in Cochinchina and China ; by Rumphius v. pi. 146, in the Malayan archipelago (A. Dec.) ; 

 and by Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called " suikwa." By European colonists, was 

 carried to Brazil and the West Indies (Marcgraf p. 22, and Sloane i. p. 226) ; to Northeast America, 

 where it continues abundantly cultivated ; to the islands of the Pacific, as ascertained by myself on 

 the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean groups, and as far as New Zealand and Australia. 



Of the plants thus far mentioned, those displaced by the hand of man came principally from 

 Northern climates. Nine however are decidedly Tropical : the date-palm, possibly from Hindustan 

 beyond the Persian Gulf; but the remainder, the doum-palm, Papyrus, Arundo donax, fig, water- 

 melon, curving cucumber, Acacia Nilotica, and Aymphcea coerulea, all from either Tropical Arabia 

 or the Upper Nile. 



King Onas was buried in the Mastabat-el-Faraoun, a long building at Sakkarah inscribed with 

 his name and constructed of enormous blocks of limestone, anciently inlaid with hard stones : — and it 

 appears from a total in the rubric in the Turin papyrus, " that his reign was one of those fixed points 

 from which the ancient Egyptians computed the chronology of the old monarchy " (Birch). 



The above oval will be found to correspond with the Babylonian account of Oannes ; who came 

 out of the Persian Gulf, and taught mankind the art of writing with other branches of learning all 

 mechanical arts, the building of cities and temples, geometry, agriculture, law-making, and every- 

 thing essential to the well-being of society : — since which time, nothing new or at least nothing 

 better has been found out (Beros.). Oannes is represented on the Assyrian monuments as havin°- the 



