OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



73 



body of a fish with the human face and feet ; and is mentioned also by ApoIIodorus (Euseb. i. p. 

 8, and Syncell. p. 28). 



■ 2638 B. C. (= 2639 in calendar years = 2672 — "33 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Onnos 

 succeeded by Othoes, head of the Sixth dynasty, a Memphite dynasty. The name of king 

 Athi occurs at Hamamat (Leps. d. ii. pi. 115). 

 "2637 B. C." (Chin, chron. table, Amyot, and Pauth.), the Chinese era, the initial point of 

 chronological reckoning among the Chinese. To all appearance derived from Babylon and the 

 West: and therefore, the approximation or possible coincidence in dates is worthy of notice (see 

 Fou-hi). 



Fiftieth generation. Sept. 1st, 2634, mostly beyond youth : 



2620 B.C. (=3397 — "182 — 595 = 777 yrs" of Gen. v. 28 to 31), death of Lamech. The words, 

 " This shall comfort us concerning our work and concerning toil of our hands because of the ground 

 which hath cursed it Jehovah," are attributed to Lamech. 



In regard to the condition at this time of the human family, mention is made of " mighty men 

 which were of old, men of renown. And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, 

 and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually." The " earth also 

 was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence " (Gen. vi. 4 to 1 [). Historical notices 

 of the antediluvian period, have also been transmitted through Greek writers. 



2615 B.C. (=z 2015 -f "600 years" of Gen. vii. 6, Samar. edit., Sept., Jos., Theoph., and Afr.), 

 Noah. The date for the Deluge given by Josephus a. J. i. 6. 5, differs one year only (1623 — (— " 70 — j— 

 120-)- 132-)- 130 -|- 130-)- 134 -\- 130+ 135 -\- 12 years " = 2616). 



Pinus pinea of wooded shores of the Mediterranean. The imported nuts are called in Germany 

 " pinie " and other species of the tribe " kiefer " (Grieb) : in Italy the garden pine is called " pino " 

 or "pino domestico " (Lenz),- in Greece " koukounaria" (Sibth.), and the same in Egyptian for the 

 tree and nuts (ms. Par.) : the " gphr '' pitch trees of which the ark was made — (Gen. vi. 14) may be 

 compared : pine-nuts were known to Athenaeus in Egypt, and doubtless continue to be imported. 

 Farther North, the ship Argo was built of " pitusin " (according to the dedicatory inscription pre- 

 served by Dio Chrysostom) ; the tree was felled on the mountains of Greece for ship-timber in the 

 days of Homer il. xiii. 390, but its cultivation miy have commenced subsequently ; the " pitus " is 

 mentioned in connexion with Miltiades (Herodot. vii. 37), and by Cratinus, and Theophrastus ; sculp- 

 tured fruit of "pituos tes em£rou " in the hind of statues by Ptolichus and Calamis, was seen by 

 Pausanias . . . ; " kokkaloi " are mentioned by Hippocrates vict. acut. 409, and pine-nuts by 

 Mnesitheus, Diodes, Alexander Myndius, Nicander, and Galen alim. fac. ii : P. pinea was observed 

 by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, in 

 maritime sand, becoming rare inland, its timber excellent for ship-building. Westward, the " pinus in 

 hortis " is mentioned by Virgil eel. viii. 65 ; the " pinea," by Columella ; is enumerated by Pliny xvi. 

 16 and xvii. 1 1 as " peregrinae " foreign to Italy, directions for planting " pineae nucleis " also given ; 

 the smoke rising from the eruption of Vesuvius witnessed by the younger Pliny is compared by him 

 to this tree : P. pinea is termed " p. sativa" by Tournefort inst. 585 ; is known to occur seemingly 

 wild in Italy (Lenz), and its umbrella-shaped top was observed by myself everywhere conspicuous in 

 sailino- alono- the coast of Southern France and Spain. By European colonists, was carried to 

 Madeira (Lemann, and A. Dec.) : its nuts were found by myself largely imported into Spanish 

 colonies in America. 



Olea sylvestris of Persia and the shores of the Caspian. Called in English olive, in Germany 

 "olivenbaum" or "oelbaum" (Grieb), in France "olive" and "olivier" (Nugent), in Italy "oliva" 

 and "olivo" (Lenz), in Greece " £li5s " or " agroSlia," but by the Turks "jaban zeitan Agagi " 

 (Forsk., and Sibth.), in Egypt " zeytoun " (Del.), in Egyptian " joit " or "joSit" (transl. Sept.), in 

 which we recognize the "zyd" leaf brought to Noah — (Gen. viii. u), the tree itself occurring in 

 Palestine and the neighbouring countries in the time of Moses (Ex. xxvii. 20 and Levit. xxiv. 2), 

 Jotham (Judg. ix. 9), and Micah vi. 15: the " zaitun " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : the "glaia" in 

 the days of Theophrastus iv. 3 was cultivated in Cyrene ; in the days of Pliny at Thebes in Egypt, 

 but has since disappeared from the vicinity; lower down in the Fayoum are olive trees older than the 

 Muslim conquest, plantations having been established only recently under Mohammed AH (Clot-Bey 

 ii -yg) but single trees were observed by Forskal in gardens at Cairo. Farther North, a tree attrib- 

 uted to the time of king Argus was standing at Argos in the days of Pliny xvi. 89 ; the " elaia" was 

 regarded as introduced at Athens by Minerva (Plut. is and osir., Paus. i. 24. 3 and vi. 26. 2), is men- 

 tioned by Hesiod, Homer, Aeschylus, Euripides, and the " Slaia emera " distinguished by Dioscondes ; 

 O sylvestris was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, cultivated as well as seemingly wild 

 throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Eastward, its oil was not used by the Persians of the 

 time of Herodotus . . . ., and to the present day its fruit is disliked by the Turks (Forsk. p. 202) ; 

 the tree is described by Persian medical writers, and is known to grow in sheltered situations along 



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