74 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



the Caspian (Ledeb.) : is said by Strabo ii. I. 14 to be unknown in Bactria, but was observed by 

 Elphinstone p. 46 seemingly wild in Cabul, devoid however of a Sanscrit name (Pidd., Royle, and A. 

 Dec). Westward from Greece, prior to the reign of Tarquinius Priscus was unknown in Italy, 

 Barbary, and Spain (Fenest.) ; its oil was employed by Hannibal (Liv. xxi. 54) ; the "olivina" is 

 mentioned by Plautus ; the " oliva" or " olea" and its culture, by Cato, Varro, Cicero, Horace, Virgil, 

 Columella, and had reached Gaul and Spain before the time of Pliny ; O. sylvestris was observed by 

 Bonder in " 1403 " on the Canary Islands, and is even regarded by Buch, and Webb, as indigenous. 

 By European colonists, was carried prior to "1560" (Vega 391, and Holmes) to Peru, in which 

 country as well as in Chili I met with fresh fruit of good quality ; in " 1837," was carried from Egypt 

 to Hindustan (Graham). 



By Noah, an altar built : on which, " of every clean beast and of every clean fowl," he " offered 

 burnt offerings " (Gen. viii 20). 



Until the founding of Babylon, of the city and tower of Babel, '' the whole earth was of one 

 language and of one speech " (Gen. xi. 1 to 9). This language was of course that of the Egyptian 

 hieroglyphics, the so-called " Coptic " language : certainly at this date in existence, while no other 

 known language can be traced so far back. — The fact is further confirmed by the Chinese hav- 

 ing retained a monosyllabic form of language ; by the secondary or triliteral form of the Shemitic 

 or Chaldaic ; while yet further syllabic addition characterizes the Sanscrit and Ind-European class of 

 languages. Confirmation is also found in the order of affiliation : many Hebrew and many Sanscrit 

 words having been taken from the Egyptian language, while with the possible exception of names of 

 foreign animals and plants, no Egyptian word has been borrowed from either the Hebrew or Sanscrit; 

 many Greek words have been borrowed from the Hebrew, but no Hebrew word from the Greek ; 

 many Latin words from the Greek, but no Greek word from the Latin ; and many English words Irom 

 the Latin, but no Latin word from the English. 



The poetical account of Lamech and his two wives, in which the seven-fold vengeance protecting 

 Cain is mentioned (Gen. iv. 23 and 24), is regarded as " most probably the oldest specimen of Hebrew 

 poetry extant" (Kitt. bil.l. cycl.). The poetical curse on Canaan, in which Shem.and Japheth are 

 mentioned (Gen. ix. 25 to 27), is attributed to Noah himself. — Poetry, it should be noted, can be 

 transmitted without the aid of writing. 



The tomb of Abeba, an officer who accompanied king Athi " in his voyages to the edifice of the 

 South," has been found at Sakkarah (Birch). 



The presence of the name of king Athi on the road leading to the port of Kosser, is evidence of 

 the existence of navigation upon the Red Sea, of maritime commerce with Arabia and countries 

 beyond. The harbour of Abu Zelimah in the Sinai peninsula (according to Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 

 305), was "a position of great importance long before the time of Moses." 



Vessels from the Red Sea probably visiting Hindustan as early as this date ; following Desert 

 shores to the new aspect of nature beyond the Persian Gulf.* 



Dilivaria ilicifolia of the Tropical seashore from Hindustan throughout the Malayan archipelago. 

 One of the first objects to attract attention on landing, — a maritime shrub from its foliage called sea- 

 holly, but in Burmah " kha-ya " (Mason); in Pampango "dulavari," in Tagalo "diliuario" or 

 " doloariu " or " laguio laguio " or " tingloi," in Bisaya " tiotio " (Blanco) : observed by Graham about 

 Bombay, growing " abundantly in salt marshes ; " by Rheede ii. pi. 4S. in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, 

 along the Eastern side of Hindustan; by Mason, on the seashore of Burmah, its root according to the 

 natives "a cure for the bite of poisonous snakes;" by myself, abounding throughout the Malayan 

 archipelago to the Philippines, where also it was observed by Blanco. 



2608 B. C. (= 2609 in calendar years = 2S57 — " 248 " dynastic years of the Afr.- 



Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 2498 -\- "203 — 100 -f- 6 " = 2607), 



I Othoes or Athi put to death by his own guardsmen, and succeeded by Phios. The 



name of king Pepi occurs at Wadi Maghara, Sauiet el Meitin, Shech Said, Hamamat 



(Leps. d. ii. pi. no to 116), and beyond Dongola as far up the Nile as Napata (Glidd. 



analect), — also on monuments of later times, as the chamber of kings at Karnak. 



Pepi clearly has two hieroglyphic ovals ; a title or surname apart from the name. The cobra or 

 asp projecting from the forehead, also now designates a king (compare Horap. i. 57 to 60). 



2607 = "second year of Pepi," the inhabitants of the Sinai peninsula reconquered — (Birch). 



Tamarix .ifricaua of the Desert and its Northern border from the Atlantic to Hindustan. 

 Called in English tamarisk (Prior), in Greece "murikia" or " armurikia " (Fraas) or by the Turks 



* In the following pages, the horizon of Egypt includes the nearest portion of Hindustan ; the 

 line of demarcation separating plants growing farther East that even through their commercial prod- 

 ucts continue unknown to the Egyptians. 



H 



