78 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



The. stars perhaps already mapped into constellations:— Tables of constellations occur in 

 Egyptian tombs under the Twentieth dynasty (Champoll ) ; and certain constellations are mentioned 

 by Homer,'and in Job xxxviii. From a remote period, the names of several constellations continue 

 unchanged ; translated merely into different languages. 



f \ ^!^ 2441 B. C. (= 2442 calendar years = 2609 — "53 — 7 — 100 + 6 — I — 12" of the 

 Afr.-Maneth. table), accession of the Tenth dynasty. The name of king Nuantef has 

 not been found on contemporaneous monuments: — but occurs in later times, in the 

 chamber of kings at Karnak. 

 V ' , ^Br Fifty-sixth generation. Sept. 1st, 2434, mostly beyond youth : 



Amegalarus or Megalarus, of Pantibiblis, reigning at Babylon — (Berosus in Alex. Polyhist., 

 Euseb., and Syncell.). 



Nuantef succeeded by his brother Nuantef II.; whose name occurs on contempo- 

 raneous monuments — (Leps. k. pi. 10), and on his own coffin (now in the British 

 museum). 



Fifty-seventh generation. Jan. 1st, 2400, mostly beyond youth : 



" 2397 B. C. = beginning of the Fifth cycle " (Chinese chron. table, further referred 

 to the " 39th year of Tikou ; " but clearly too early for his accession). 



Chin-noung, the successor of Fou-hi, may have been at this time ruling China. To his reign, 

 various inventions and improvements are attributed, including agriculture and the introduction of the 

 " five kinds of grain : " 



Faba vulgaiis of Central Asia. Called in Anglo-Saxon and current English bean, in Holland 

 "boon," in Denmark "bonne," in Sweden "bona," in Germany "bohne" (Prior), in Slavonian 

 "bob" (Moiitz.), in Celtic ''fa" or " fao " or "fav" (Legon.), in France "feve" (Nugent), in Italy 

 " fava" or "fava cavallina " (Lenz), in Greece '' koukkia" (Fraas), in Egypt "ful" (Forsk.), at Surat 

 " vackla " or " backla " (Graham). Included among the " five kinds of grain " introduced in the reign 

 of Chin-noung: — observed by Bunge under cultivation in Northern China; and by Kaempfer, and 

 Thunberg, cultivated in Japan and called " sandsu " or usually " sora mame." Westward, has no 

 Sanscrit name (Roxb., and Pidd.); is regarded as only recently introduced into Hindustan (Ainsl, 

 Royle, Wight, and A. Dec), continuing unknown in Ceylon (Moon), but is "cultivated at Surat to a 

 small extent" (Graham) ; was observed by Lerche to all appearance wild on the confines of Persia 

 near the Caspian (Willd.). Farther West, "phwl" were brought to David at Mahanaim (2 Sam. 

 xvii. 28), are mentioned also by Ezekiel iv. 9; the " kuamos edlenikos," in Mul. morb. i. 60S, and 

 Dioscorides ; "fabula" by Plautus, and Gellius iv. 11. 1 ; "fabalia" by Cato xxxvii. 2 ; the "faba" 

 by Terence, Varro, Cicero, Virgil, Columella, and Pliny : F. vulgaris was observed by Abd-allatif in 

 Egypt, where it continues one of the principal objects of cultivation both for the seeds and stems 

 (Kursk., Del., and Clot-Bey); was observed by Chaubard, and Fr.ns, under cultivation in Greece; 

 and is known in the cultivated state in Italy and throughout Southern and middle Europe (Brot., 

 Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to America, where in our Middle States it 

 continues sparingly cultivated and is distinguished as the horse-bean. 



Ti itic it in vulgare of the plains around the Caspian. Called in Britain ivhcat, in Anglo-Saxon 

 "hwaete," in Gothic " hvaiteis," in ancient Danish " hveiti," in old High German " hveizi," in Lithu- 

 anian " kwctys," all meaning white grain (Prior), in Germany " weizen " (Grieb), in France ■'ble'" 

 or " froment " (Nugent), in Italy " formento " or " frumento " ( Lenz), in Greece " sitari " (Forsk.), 

 in Egypt "qamh" or "hontah" (Del.), on the mountains of Yemen "burr" (Forsk.), in Guzerat and 

 on the Deccan " mar-ghoom " or " ghawut-gioon " (Graham), in Hindustanee " genhun '' or " gandum " 

 or "godhum,'' in Bengalee " godhum " or " gom " (D'roz.), in Burmah " gyung-s.i-ba " (Mason). 

 Included among the "five kinds of grain" introduced into China under Chin-noung — (Stan. -Jul. ) : 

 observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan, in two varieties and called " ko 

 muggi." Westward, was observed by Mason "exotic" in Burmah; has a Sanscrit name (Roxb., 

 and Pidd.), was already in Hindustan when invaded by Alexander (Theophr ), and continues to be 

 "cultivated in various parts of the Deccan and Guzerat" (Graham) : was observed by Onesicritus 

 wild farther North in the Musicana district ; by Berosus, between the Tigris and Euphrates, where 

 also it was found wild by Olivier iii. p. 460 ; and according to Strabo xi. 7. 2, seeds itself in Hyrcania 

 along the Caspian. Farther West, the "br " was already in Egypt in the days of Joseph (Gen. xli. 

 3$ to 49), is mentioned as cultivated in Palestine in Psalm lxv. 13, Proverbs xi. 26, Joel ii. 24, and 

 Amos v. 11 ; the " puros " furnished the straw wrapped around the presents sent by the Hyperborei 

 to Delos (Herodot. iv. 33), is mentioned as cultivated in Greece by Homer il. x. s69to'xiv. 123, 

 Theophrastus, and Dioscorides ; the "sitos" is mentioned by Homer od. ix. 191 to xxiv. 20S, Herod- 

 otus iv. 109, Demosthenes 310. 1, and Strabo ; and the " triticum " by Cato, Varro, Cicero, Virgil, 

 and Columella: T. vulgare was observed by Forskal under cultivation on the mountains of Yemen; 

 continues abundantly cultivated in Egypt (Forsk., Del., and Lois.-Deslongch. cereal, p. 98) ; was 



