OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 79 



observed by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece ; by Lenz, in Italy ; already 

 during the Stone Age was cultivated in Switzerland, as appears from debris of the earliest villages 

 (Heer, and Troyon p. 44), and continues under cultivation throughout Europe as far as " Lat. 64°" 

 (A. Dec). By Columbus, was carried to America (F. Columb. 53), where it has become a main 

 object of cultivation in portions of the United States ; was also carried by European colonists to 

 Australia and New Zealand, growing crops in both countries met with by myself. (See T. 

 turgidum) . 



Panicum miliaceum of Central Asia. Called in Italy " mei " or "miglio," in Greece "keghei" 

 (Lenz), in Germany " hirse " (Fraas), in Egypt " dokhn " (Del.), in Yemen " milaeh " or " kossaejb " 

 (Forsk.), in the environs of Bombay " warree " or "sawee Cheena " (Graham). Probably one of 

 the two kinds of millet introduced into China under Chin-noung : — observed under cultivation there 

 by Bunge p. 70 (A. Dec). Westward, was observed by Roxburgh i. p. 310 in Hindustan, by Gra- 

 ham " a dry grain cultivated " around Bombay. Farther West, the " thhn " (near " thgn " the general 

 name of bread-corn in Gen. xxvii. 28, Num. xviii. 27, Deut. xxviii. 51, and Lam. ii. 12) is mentioned 

 by Ezekiel iv. 9 ; the " mgline," by Sophocles, and Harpocration ; as cultivated in Asia, by Herod- 

 otus iii. 117, and Xenophon anab. i. 5. 10 ; is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " elumos," and the 

 "Slumos" is mentioned in 2 Morb. mul. 2, Theophrastus viii. 1, and Strabo; the "milium," by Cato, 

 Varro, Cicero, Virgil, Columella, and is described by Pliny xviii. 10 to 24 " comae granum complexae 

 fimbriato capillo curvantur " and the principal food of the " Sarmatarum gentes " who eat the crude 

 meal mixed with mare's milk or even blood, this and barley being the only kinds of grain known to 

 the " Aethiopes " : P. miliaceum is described by Bauhin tlieatr. pi. 502, is termed "milium semine 

 luteo " by Tournefort inst. 514, "milium panicum'' by Miller, "milium esculentum " by Mcench, 

 "p. panic. Iaxa flaccida" by Persoon ; was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine ; by Forskal, along 

 the base of the mountains of Yemen ; by him, and Delile, occurring spontaneously around Cairo ; by 

 Sibthorp, and Fraas, in cultivated ground in Greece ; by Pollini, and Lenz, in Italy ; and is known to 

 be cultivated in middle Europe (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 

 where I have met with it in gardens. 



Setaria glomerata of Central Asia. Called in Britain panic (Ainsw.), in Italy "panizzo" or 

 "panig" or " panico " (Lenz), in Greece " kSghri " or " Phragkoke'ghri " (Fraas), in Hindustanee 

 "kangni " (D'roz ), in the environs of Bombay " kala kangnee " or " kora kang " (Graham). Proba- 

 bly one of the two kinds of millet introduced into China under Chin-noung : — observed under culti- 

 vation there by Bunge. Westward, a species according to Mason perhaps identical is " exotic " in 

 Burmah and called "pyoung-lay-kouk " ; and S. glomerata was observed by Rumphius v. pi. 75, Rox- 

 burgh, and Graham, in Hindustan. Farther West, "phng" was carried from "Judah and the land of 

 Israel " to the market at Tyre in the days of Ezekiel xxvii. 17 ; the " keghros '' (named from resem- 

 blance to fig-seeds) was cultivated from Babylon to the Borysthenes in the days of Herodotus, is 

 mentioned also in the Hesiodic scut. here. 398. Xenophon anab. i. 2. 22, Morb. mul. i. 619, Theo- 

 phrastus, and Dioscorides : the " panicum '' is mentioned by Cato, and Columella, was found by Caesar 

 stored for food by the inhabitants of middle Europe, is described by Pliny xviii 10 to 25 as " a pani- 

 culis dictum cacumine languide nutante," cultivated in Gaul as well as on the Po in Northern Italy, 

 and the favourite article of diet along the Black Sea: S. glomerata is figured at Pompeii (Schouw 

 iv.) ; is termed "p. Italicum" and "p. Germanicum" by Linnaeus ; was observed by myself under 

 cultivation in both Upper and Lower Egypt ; by Fraas, rare in Greece ; is known to be cultivated in 

 Italy (Pollini, and Lenz) and as far as middle Europe (Roth, and Kit.). By European colonists, was 

 carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation in our Middle States for its seeds, 

 but in our Southern States for the stems and leaves " as green food for cattle " (Chapm.). 



Oryza satira of Tropical Hindustan. Called in English rice, in French "riz" (Nugent), in 

 German "reis," in Italy "riso" (Lenz), in Greece " rizi " or " ruzi " (Fraas), in Egypt " rouz " or 

 "arz" (Del.), in Hindustanee " chawal " or " biranj," in Bengalee " chaul " or " tandul " (D'roz.), in 

 Cingalese "ooruwee,"in Sanscrit "arunya" (Pidd ), in Burmah " sa-ba " (Mason), in all Malay coun- 

 tries "padi" or "bras" (Crawfurd). Enumerated as the fifth kind of grain introduced into China 

 under Chin-noung— (Stan.-Jul.) ; mentioned besides in the Chou-King (Pauth.) ; and to the present 

 da'y extensively cultivated : was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan ; by Blanco, and 

 myself, under cultivation on the Philippines ; by Loureiro, in Cochinchina; and by Mason, "exotic" 

 in Burmah. Westward, is mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stevens.) ; was eaten by the Hindus 

 and " oinos oruzes " manufactured by them when invaded by Alexander (Aristot. an. viii. 25, Aristob., 

 Meo-asth., Theophr., and Athen. iv. 39) ; and continues cultivated in numerous varieties (Graham, 

 and & myse'lf) : " wild rice " is however mentioned in the Institutes of Menu, and a kind called by the 

 Teliiwas " newaree," growing around lakes in the Circars and the seeds highly prized, is known only 

 in thewild state (Roxb.. and A. Dec). Farther West, was carried at an early date to Madagascar 

 (Ellis) and Equatorial Africa, and (as ascertained by myself at Zanzibar) continues cultivated by 



