OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 8 1 



the reindeer for horses. Westward, the « tarandus » of the Scythians is described by Pliny viii. 52 ; 

 S,t th * reindeer Cervus rangiferinus, occur among debris of the "Stone age" in Europe; the 



to7ptoebusTp-?h S ett7o S r at " ^^ ' "* " ^ ^ ** ^ * " "**" " * G - 



The name of king Muntuhotep HI. occurs in contemporaneous inscriptions in the 

 quarries at Hamamat (Leps. d. ii pi. 149, an d k. pi. 11). 



" Second year of Muntuhotep III.," in two inscriptions at Hamamat - (Birch). 

 "2337 B. C. = beginning of the Sixth cycle " (Chinese chron. table ; referred there 

 to the " 21st year of Yao," but clearly too early for his accession). 

 I he accession therefore of Chao-hao, son of Hoang-ti and uncle of Tchouen-hio (Pauth. 30), not 

 earlier than the last-named date. Chao-hao prescribed dresses to indicate the rank of civil and mili- 

 tary ottcers (Pauth.); — and in his reign, a new kind of music was invented in China. 

 _ I he seventeenth chapter of the Egyptian ritual or Book of the Dead, the most voluminous work 

 in hieroglyphic writing extant, is inscribed on the coffin of queen Mentuhept (Buns, and Birch v 89) 



— Other extracts on coffins have been traced by Birch as far back as the Twelfth dynasty. 

 VA/\jl\ «/\/x/n- "aph6ph" or "aphSp" or " aphophi " giant, mighty man; "phof" or 



^7 "V "p-hof" serpent. The character of the slain aphophis occurs in the Book 



of the Dead, — also under the . . . dynasty (Champ, mon. iv. pi. 320 and 222) ; and the knives not 

 yet inserted, under the Twenty-sixth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 26). The character of the free living 

 aphophis occurs as early at least as the . . . dynasty (Rosellin. mon. stor. ii. 24, and Champ, diet. 

 170). The aphophis wearing the crown of Lower Egypt, iA/W-, occurs as early at least as the 



dynasty (Champ, diet. 88). Among the Greeks, Apollo slew the serpent or dragon "puthon," 



and hence the name " Pythian " applied to his oracle at Delphi (Homer od. viii. 80 and xi. 581, the 

 .Hesiodic Theog. 499, Pind., Aeschyl. choeph. 928, and Herodot. viii. 47). 



The above hieroglyphic characters imply knowledge of the gigantic serpents, Pythons of Equa- 

 torial Africa. — One of these serpents, " thirty cubits " long, was brought alive from Equatorial Africa 

 to Alexandria in the reign of Ptolemy II. (Agatharch., in Diodor. iii. 25). 



Fifty-ninth' generation. Sept. 1st, 2334, mostly beyond youth : 



2329 B. C. The Yang-pao-theou or pigmies who sent tribute to China in the " 29th year of Yao '' 



— (according to the Tchou-chou), are referred in the melanges Remusat iii. p. 256 to the Lapland- 

 ers. The country of the Yang-pao-theou, according to the historical romance called San koue tchi, 

 is situated Northwest of Sogdiana ; they were numerous in the time of the 'Wei, according to Tou- 

 chi ; and are mentioned by Ma-touan-lin in the Thirteenth century A. D. 



Amemphsinus, a Chaldean of Lanchares or Laranchis, reigning at Babylon — (Berosus in Alex. 

 Polyhist., Euseb., and Syncell.). 



Tchouan-hiu or Tchouen-hio, a "nephew" of Chao-hao, perhaps already " elected " emperor. 

 He reformed the calendar, making the year commence, in accordance with the above-mentioned con- 

 junction of " five planets " with the first lunation of spring. China now extending North to Tartary, 

 East to the sea, West to the sandy Desert, and South to Cochinchina (Pauth.). 



Pceonia officinalis of mountains from Italy to Central Asia. Called in Britain peony or fiiony, in 

 France "pioine " or "pivoine " (Nugent), in Germany "paonie " or "pfingstrose," in Italy "peonia 

 femina " (Lenz), in Greece " makos " (Sibth., and Fraas). Employed medicinally by the Chinese 

 throughout all antiquity — (Cibot in mem. Chin. iii. p. 461) : observed by Thunberg "in almost 

 every garden '' in Japan. Westward, the " paionia " or " glukusithe "or " pgntorovos " is considered 

 by Pliny xxiv. 102 and xxv. 10 the earliest known medicinal plant, in use also among the Magians ; 

 derived its name from the physician of the gods sometimes identified with Apollo, was employed 

 medicinally by the five Idaei Dactyli and their successors the Curetes and Corybantes, was culti- 

 vated in the garden of Hecate (Orph. hymn and argon, i. 916, Strab , Plut. lun., and Spreng.) ; is 

 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "ithaious thaktulous " or " aglaoph6titha " or "selenion ; " is men- 

 tioned also by Aeschylus, the comic poet Plato, in the Hippocratic treatises mul. morb. 56 and 

 superf. 20, and by Theophrastus, and Nicander ; by Pliny xxvii. 60, as collected on the mountains of 

 Italy, precautions being taken against the "picus martius," and employed medicinally and "faunorum 

 in quiete Iudubriis ; " the " paionia thelSia " is also distinguished by Dioscorides, and Pliny : P. offici- 

 nalis is described by Fuchsius 202, and Lobel pi. 682; is termed "p. communis vel foemina" by 

 Tournefort inst. 274; is known to grow in North Italy on the wooded slopes of the Alps (Pers., 

 and Lenz) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the loftier mountains of Crete and Greece ; is 

 described by Pallas (Steud.) ; and roots and seeds of the "pasonia" are enumerated by Alpinus, 

 and Forskal mat. med., as imported for medicinal use into Egypt. By European colonists, P. offici- 

 nalis was carried to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in gardens. Its seeds accord- 

 ing to Lindley are "emetic and cathartic," and its "root reported to be antispasmodic." 



Pceonia corallina of the Altaian mountains. Called in Britain peony or piony (Prior), in Italy 



