86 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



ment with the Hyksos of Manetho), use the javelin or throwing-spear, and unlike the Egyptians, wear 

 variegated garments (apparently the oldest known specimen of Sidonian needle-work). 



That the strangers came from Phoenicia or at least Syria, is indicated by scarlet in their varie- 

 gated garments, the dye of the kermes insect, Coccus ilicis : — the " shny " or kermes dye is mentioned 

 in Gen. xxxviii. 28, Ex. xxv. 4, Lev. xiv. 4, Josh. ii. 18, Prov. xxxi. 21, Cant. iv. 3, Isai. i. 18, and 

 Jer. iv. 30 ; and continues well known in Persia and Northern Hindustan (J. F. D. in Kitt. cycl. 

 bibl.). Northward and Westward from Syria, the " kokkos vaphikos " is mentioned by Ctesias, 

 Theophrastus Hi. 16, Pausanias, and Paulus Aegineta ; by Dioscorides, as produced in Cilicia, Asia 

 proper, Armenia, Galatia, and Spain; in the days of Pliny ix. 65 and xvi. 12, gathering " coccum " 

 furnished the poor of Spain the means of paying half of their tribute, the best quality coming 

 from Emeritam in Lusitania : and kermes dye continued in general use throughout Europe until 

 superseded by cochineal. The kermes insect is particularly described by Emericus, and Garidel 

 p. 254. 



Querent cocci/era of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries and Persia. The kermes 

 oak on which this insect is known to feed is a shrub or small tree — called in Greece "pirnari" 

 (Sibth.); in which we recognize the "prinos" alluded to as a shrub by Simonides (Plut. vit. Thes. 

 17), mentioned also by Aristophanes, Pausanias, and by Theophrastus iii. 8 as affording the "phoini- 

 koun kokkon ; " the "kokkos vaphike" shrub is described by Dioscorides as growing in Cilicia, 

 Asia, Armenia, Galatia, and Spain ; the "coccum," by Pliny xvi. 8 to 12 as found on "parvae aquifo- 

 lias ilicis," one of the two kinds of "ilex," and procured in Pisidia, Sardinia, and Africa: Q. coccifera 

 is termed " scarlet oak " by Gerarde (Ainsw.), "ilex aculeata cocciglandifera" by Tournefort inst. 

 5S3 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the 

 Greek islands; by Chaubard, perhaps the most frequent little tree in the East and even of the whole 

 Mediterranean region; is known to grow on Sicily and on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar 

 (Spreng., Guss., Webb, and A. Dec). 



/satis tinctoria of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain woad or wade, in Anglo- 

 Saxon "wad," in Old Saxon "wode," in old high German "weit,"in old French " guesde," in current 

 French "guede" or "gaide" (Prior), in current German "waid" (Grieb), in Italy "guado" or 

 "glasto" or "isatide " (Lenz), and possibly affording the blue dye in the variegated garments of the 

 strangers: — the "isatis" yielding a dye, is mentioned by Democritus (Schneid. ann. Theophr.) ; 

 by Dioscorides, as more than a cubit high with plantain-like leaves ; is termed " emeros " in Syn. 

 Diosc, and identified with the "arousion" of the prophets; and the "nilaj," mentioned according 

 to Ebn Baitar by Dioscorides, is referred by Sontheimer to I. tinctoria: which plant was observed 

 by Gittard in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.) ; and by Fraas, wild on the mountains there. Westward, 

 the Britons are described by Ca;sar v. 14 as staining their bodies with " vitrum " to look terrible in 

 battle, an account repeated by Pomponius Mela iii. 6. 55, while Pliny xxii. 2 states that the British 

 women stain their bodies with "glastum : " the "isatis " used for dyeing wool, is described by Pliny 

 xx. 25 as resembling in its leaves "lapatho silvestri," and possessing various medicinal properties; 

 the "waisda" is mentioned in the capitularia of Charlemagne; the "isatis" of the Greeks is identi- 

 fied by Macer Floridus 55 with the "gaisdo ; " I. tinctoria was observed by Lenz wild in Italy, and 

 is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.) : was found by Gerarde p. 394 in Britain 

 only in places where it had once been cultivated, but has since become naturalized (Wats., and A. 

 Dec). By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues sparingly culti- 

 vated, and sometimes springing up spontaneously. (See Lycopus Europaeus). 



Genista tinctoria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain base broom or 

 greening weed or greenweed or dyer's greenweed or wood-waxen, in old English " wodewex," in 

 Anglo-Saxon " wudu-weaxe," in mediaeval Latin "genista humilis " (Prior), in Germany " farbe- 

 ginster " (Fraas): possibly affording the green dye in the variegated garments: — G. tinctoria was 

 observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the 

 "genista" is termed " lenta " by Virgil geor. ii. 12. 433, is mentioned also by Yitruvius vii. 14, 

 Columella iv. 31, by Pliny xvi. 30 to 69 as springing up to dye garments and used besides for ties : 

 G. tinctoria is described by Tragus p. 604 (Spreng.), is termed " g. tinctoria germanica " by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 643 ; and is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark 

 (fl. Dan. pi. 526, Pers., and Dec). By the first European colonists was carried to Salem in New 

 England, " woad-seed " being enumerated prior to February 162S in a memorandum of articles to be 

 sent out with governor Endecott ; forty years later, " wood-wax wherewith they dye many pretty 

 colours " was found there by Josselyn rar. p. 51 ; in 1814 within my memory, hardly extended more 

 than a mile from the town ; in 1872 had spread in some directions at least three miles, monopolizing 

 the soil on the rocky hills and colouring the district in the season ol flowering ; not disseminating 

 itself in a scattered manner throughout the country, and as yet I have heard of only two additional 

 localities, " Cambridge " near Boston (Tuckerm. archa;ol. Amer. iv. p. 186), and " Peekskill " on the 



