OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 89 



Greece. Westward, is described by Columna ecph. i. pi. 263 as eaten in Southern Italy (Spreng.) ; 

 is termed " raphamstrum siliqua articulata glabra majore et minore " by Tournefort inst. 230; was 

 observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; is known to occur in cultivated ground in Sicily, Sardinia, and 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 678, Guss., and Moris) ; and in somewhat 

 w-ilder situations in Dalmatia, Spain, and Portugal (Brot., Boiss., and A. Dec). By European colo- 

 nists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a weed in grain-fields, and is called as 

 heard by myself charlock. 



Pisum arvense of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. The field pea is called in 

 France "pois de pigeon" or "bisaille" (Pers.), in Greece "piseli » (mod. Lex.), in Egypt "besilleh" 

 (Del.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger : the plant was observed by Delile 

 under cultivation even in Upper Egypt, and the seeds given to cattle. Farther North, the green 

 "phaselos," known to Athenaeus in Egypt, constituted the supper of the Spartan warriors (Polemon, 

 and Athen. ii. 46) ; the "phaselos " is also mentioned by Aristophanes pac. 1144, and Demetrius : 

 unless in the above modern name, I am not aware of evidence of the existence of P. arvense in 

 Greece (see P. elatius), but the plant is known to grow wild along the Black Sea (Ledeb.), was ob- 

 served by Royle ill. p. 190 along the Himalayas as far as the head waters of the Jumna, under culti- 

 vation also, and according to Piddington having a Hindustanee name (A. Dec). Westward from 

 Greece, the "faselum" is termed "vilem " by Virgil geor. i. 227, and as cultivated in Italy is also 

 mentioned by Columella x. 377 ; P. arvense is described by Lobel ii. pi. 66, and Tournefort inst. 394 ; 

 continues to be cultivated in France (Pers., and Del. cult, eg.) ; and is known to grow wild in South- 

 ern Spain (Boiss., and A. Dec). 



Vicia saliva of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries,. Called in Britain fitch or vetch 

 (Prior), in Germany " futterwicke " (Grieb), in France "vesce" (Nugent), in Italy " veccia " (Lenz), 

 in Greece "vikos" (Fraas) or "zea" (Zalikogl.), in Egypt "faurum" Greek bean (Forsk.) or 

 "deboreg" (Del.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger: the living plant was 

 observed by Forskal, and Delile, around Cairo and Rosetta. Farther North, the " kuamos " is men- 

 tioned by Pherecrates, Aristophanes, Xenophon, Anaxandrides, Heniochus, and Demosthenes ; the 

 "kuamos ellenikos " by Dioscorides, and the Attic " kuamos " and "arakon" are identified by Galen 

 alim. i. 36 with the " vikion " or " vikithion : " V. sativa was ascertained by Fraas to have been 

 formerly cultivated in Greece ;. was observed by him, and Chaubard, in wild situations in the Pelo- 

 ponnesus, but by Sibthorp, a weed in cultivated ground; is known to grow also in wild situations to 

 the South of Caucasus (C. A. Meyer). Westward, the earliest inhabitants of Latium lived not on 

 bread but " puis " or pottage, and sacred rites " pulte fritilli " continued to be celebrated in the days 

 of Pliny xviii. 19 to 46 ; the "offam'' is mentioned by Ennius; the "vicia" by Cato, Varro, Ovid, 

 cultivated as appears from Pliny xviii. 67 partly for fodder, and the " viciarium " by Columella : V. 

 sativa is termed " v. sativa vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 396 ; is known to grow in wild situations in 

 Italy, Algeria, and Spain (Boiss, Munby, and Lenz), but throughout middle Europe occurs chiefly 

 as a weed in grain-fields (fl. Dan. pi. 552, Thuill., and Pers.). Eastward from the Caspian, has vari- 

 ous names in Hindustan, none of them Sanscrit (Pidd., and A. Dec); and was observed by Thun- 

 berg at Nagasaki and elsewhere in Japan. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 

 where it continues a weed in grain-fields in our Northern States, observed by myself as far as Lat. 

 48 on the Lower St. Lawrence : was also carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it has in like man- 

 ner become a weed in cultivated ground (Boj.). 



Euphorbia helioscopia of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain sun-spurge (Prior), in 

 Italy " erba rogna" or " erba calenzola" or " titimalo elioscopio " (Lenz), in Greece "galatzitha" or 

 " o-alahorton " (Sibth.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger : the living plant 

 was observed by Delile in Upper Egypt and also around Cairo. Farther North, the "tithumalos 

 elioskopios " is described by Dioscorides as growing in waste ground and around villages, its root 

 giving out four or five red branching stems full of white juice and a span high, leaves like those of 

 " anthrahne " but rounder, fruit as though on leaves in an " anethoSithfis " capitulum that follows the 

 sun and hence the name ; is mentioned also by Rufus Ephesius, and Paulus Aegineta : E. helioscopia 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece in the situations 

 alleged by Dioscorides ; but appears to grow in wilder places South of Caucasus (A. Dec). West- 

 ward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 42 of the fourth " herbam lactariam," termed " helioscopion " and 

 havino- the leaves of " porcilacae," seems in part taken from Dioscorides : E. helioscopia is described 

 by Fuchsius 81 t; is termed "tithymalus helio'scopius " by Tournefort inst. 87; was observed by 

 Lenz frequent in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to occur in waste and cultivated 

 "•round throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 725, and Pers.). Eastward from 

 the Caspian, was observed by Thunberg along roadsides in Japan and called ''susa fri " or "kansui." 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it seems naturalized in our North- 

 ern States and as far as Lat. 48 on the Lower St. Lawrence, though chiefly confined to the vicinity 

 of tide-water and waste ground farther inland. 



