OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 93 



cases under the Fourteenth dynasty — (Birch) : manufactured according to Herodotus ii. 27 from 

 barley, and to the present day well known in Egypt. 



Lolium temulentum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain from the time of Wycliffe, 

 and Shakespeare, darnel, by Galfridus pr. pm. "demel," in the days of Glantvilla 194 "ray" from its 

 French name "ivraie" drunkenness (Prior), in Germany "taumel-lolch," in Italy "loglio" or "loglio 

 inebbriante" (Lenz); in Greece "era" (Sibth.), in Egyptian "gntej" (transl. Matth.) or "gntesh" 

 (ms. Borg ), and doubtless mixed in the booza — as to the present day, Alpinus witnessing the adding 

 of "farina loliacea: " the "zizanion" is mentioned in Matthew xiii. 25, the " zwnyn " in the Talmud, 

 the "ziwan" by Abu Hanifa, Ebn Baitar, and Forskal p. 199; and L. temulentum was observed by 

 Forskal, and Delile, around Cairo and Rosetta. Farther North, the "airas" is mentioned by 

 Pherecrates, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Galen, and Eustathius ; is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 

 the "lolioum" of the Romans; the "lolium" is mentioned by Plautus, Ovid, Columella, and Pliny, 

 the "infelix lolium" by Virgil, and "farina loliacea" by Varro : L. temulentum is termed "gramen 

 loliaceum spica longiore aristas habens" by Tournefort inst. 516; was observed by Sibthorp, Link, 

 and Fraas frequent in the grain-fields of Greece; by Lenz in Italy; by Gerarde in 1597, one of the 

 most frequent weeds in Britain ; and is known to occur in fallow ground throughout middle Europe 

 (fl. Dan. pi. 160, and Pers.). Eastward from Syria, was observed by Thunberg in Japan. By Euro- 

 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues rare in cultivated ground and 

 not as yet naturalized ; to Brazil (Kunth, and A. Dec), Montevideo and Chili (Lindl.) ; and to West 

 Australia, where it has become naturalized (J. Drummond). According to A. Gray, is almost the 

 only grass known to produce noxious seeds. 



Lolium. perenne of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Greece " eme'ra era," in Egypt 

 "haschisch el f arras " (Forsk.), much resembling the preceding and probably as long known in 

 Egypt, — where it was seen by Forskal, and Delile around Cairo and Alexandria. Farther North, 

 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent along roadsides from the 

 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Smyrna. Westward, is termed "gramen loliaceum 

 angustiore folio et spica" by Tournefort inst. 516; was observed by Forskal in the environs of 

 Marseilles ; and is known to grow abundantly throughout Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and Engl. 

 bot. pi. 315). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become nat- 

 uralized and has been found "a pretty good pasture-grass" (A. Gray). 



Seventy-second generation. Jan. 1st, 1900, mostly beyond youth : 



" The same year = 1st year of Kin, of the Hia" or Third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 



As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, and Bentley as. res. viii. 244), Nahusha 

 reigning in Hindustan. 



The title "ra-s-anch-het " of a king of the Fourteenth dynasty, not found on con- 

 temporaneous monuments, — is next in succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 

 " 1879 B. C. = 1st year of Koung-kia, of the Hia" or Third dynasty — (Chinese 

 chron. table). 



The same year (= 1862 -|- " 17 years" of Ctesias, in Diodor. ii. 1), the Assyrian 

 empire founded by Ninus or Nimrod : by whom the policy of "continual possession of domination" 

 was inaugurated. Aided at first by Ariaeus an Arab chief, Ninus — in " seventeen " years extended 

 his sway over " Babylonia, Susiana, Persis, Carmania, Hyrcania, Media, Armenia, Asia Minor, Coele- 

 syria, Phoenicia," and even " Egypt." Babel or Babylon, " Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the 

 land of Shinar" are included in the dominions of Nimrod in Gen. x. 10. 



Pistacia terebinthus of the Tauro-Caspian countries. The terebinth tree is called in Italy 

 "terebinto" (Lenz), in Greece " tStramithos " or "kokkorStza" or " kokkorovithia " (Sibth.), in 

 Syriac "bwtma" Gesen.), in Egypt "botm" and the imported nuts "habbeh khadrah" (Del.). The 

 Persians according to tradition subsisted on the nuts before — becoming acquainted with bread, and 

 hence are termed "terminthophagous" by Astyages (Nic. Damasc. fr. 66, Ael., and Belon) : "btnym" 

 were among the productions of Palestine brought by Joseph's brethren on their second visit to Egypt 

 (Gen. xliii. 11) ; the " tSrevinthos " is mentioned by Josephus b. j. iv. 9. 7 as growing in Palestine ; 

 its resin in the days of Dioscorides was exported from Arabia Petraea, Judea, Syria, Cyprus, the 

 Greek islands, and Cyrene ; and the nuts of P. terebinthus were found by Forskal mat. med. much 

 used in Egypt for mixing compounds. Among the Greeks, " tSrevinthinos " is mentioned by Xeno- 

 phon anab. iv. 4. 7 ; the " tSrminthos," in the Hippocratic fistul. 888, and Theophrastus iii. 15, and 

 its edible nuts by Strabo xv. p. 229 : P. terebinthus was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constan- 

 tinople ; by him, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent and seemingly wild from Asia Minor 

 throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; yielding according to Lindley Cyprus turpentine. Farther 

 West, the "terebinthus" is mentioned by Virgil aen. x. 136, and Celsus ; is described by Pliny xiii. 

 12 as' bearing "folliculos emittentes quaedam animalia ceu culices," the follicular horn-like galls 

 employed in the days of Clusius in preparing a glutinous sanative balsam (Linnaea x. 58 and 442), 



