94 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



and giving rise to one name of the tree " cornocapra : " P. terebinthus is termed "t. vulgaris" by 

 Tournefort inst. 579 ; was observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, 

 and is known to occur in Barbary (Pers.). 



Lepidium sativum of Persia. Called in Britain with other species pepper-wort or cress, by 

 Cotgrave " kars " or " kerse," by Chaucer " kers," in Anglo-Saxon " kerse " or "kyrsys " or "cxrs," 

 in medieval Latin " crissonium " (Prior), in France distinctively " cresson aldnois " (A. Dec), in 

 Germany " gartenkresse," in Italy " agretto " or " nasturzio ortense " (Lenz), in Greece " karthamo " 

 (Sibth.), in Egypt " rechad " (Del.) or "habrasjat," in Yemen "half" (Forsk.),in Egyptian " semSth " 

 (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the " karthamon " eaten by the Persians before — becoming 

 acquainted with bread (Aelian, and Ruel i. 115) ; seen by Xenophon cyr. i. 2 to 8 eaten by them ; pro- 

 duced of the best quality in Babylon according to Dioscorides ; and called in Persian " skaphos " 

 according to the scholiast of Aristoph. nub. 234: L. sativum was observed by Olivier trav. iii. 120 

 to all appearance wild in Persia. Westward, the " karthamon " is mentioned by Aristophanes vesp. 

 455 and 1357, Antiphanes, the Hippocratic writings, Diodes Carystius, Polyaenus, and as having 

 acrid seeds by Theophrastus i. 12. 1, and Dioscorides: L. sativum was observed by Sibthorp, and 

 Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; by Forskal, and Delile, in the 

 gardens of Egypt; and by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen. Farther West, the "karthamon" 

 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " nastourkioum " of the Romans, by Cicero with the " nastur- 

 tium," mentioned also by Yarro, Columella, and Pliny : L. sativum is described by Bauhin prodr. 

 pi. 43; is termed "nasturtium hortense vulgatum " by Tournefort inst. 213 ; was observed by Forskal 

 in gardens on Malta; and is known to be cultivated from Italy throughout middle Europe (Pers., 

 and Lenz). Eastward from Persia, is called in Hindustanee " taratezak " or " halim," in Bengalee 

 "halim" (D'roz ) ; was observed by Graham "cultivated in gardens" in the environs of Bombay, 

 by Wight in peninsular Hindustan; by Mason "exotic" in Burmah, called " s.i-mung-nee," and its 

 "seeds sold in bazar for medicinal purposes." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 

 America, where it continues under cultivation in our Northern and Middle States, and is called 

 peppergrass. 



Cordylocarpus laevigatas of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " karthamon " 

 or " karthama " (Fraas), and possibly the " karthamon " of the Persians : — clearly the " karthamis " 

 identified by Zopyrus, Galen, and Erotian with the "saurithion" of Hippocrates ulc. 8, "sauren" of 

 Nicander, and "saurion " of the Athenians (mentioned by Pliny xix. 54): C. laevigatus is termed 

 " eruca chalepensis flore dilute violaceo siliquis articulatis " by Morison i. 3. pi. 25. " erucaria alep- 

 pica" by ( iaertner ; was observed by Tournefort trav. i. pi. 35, Sibthorp, D'Urville, and Fraas, fre- 

 quent from the Peloponnesus to Crete and the Greek islands ; by Delile, on the Medi- 

 terranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. 



The same year (= 1914 — " 35 years " of Gen. xi. 12), birth of Salah. 

 The title of " rahem-smentoti," not found on contemporaneous monuments, — occurs 

 in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 



IV. THE HYKSOS OR SHEPHERD KINGS. 





"In the reign of Timaus " (Maneth.), "the Hyksos, a people from the East of obscure or ignoble 

 origin, in some unexpected manner acquired possession of Egypt " without fighting ; and its rulers 

 being in their power, proceeded to maltreat the people, " killing some, reducing the wives and children 

 of others to slavery," burning cities, "demolishing temples," and at length made one of their num- 

 ber king : 



1873 B. C. (= 1613 .. 2 mo. -f- " 49 .. 2 mo. -\- 50 .. 1 mo. -4- 61 -j- 36 .. 7 mo. -)- 44 -f- 19 yrs " 

 of Manetho in Jos. c. A. 14), accession of Salatis, the first Hyksos king. He resided at Memphis 

 and establishing military stations rendered both Lower and Upper Egypt tributary; but chiefly 

 directed his attention to the Northeastern frontier, where he placed an army and fortified the city 

 of Auaris, from jealousy of the increasing power of the Assyrians. 



A triangular Military game had commenced between Egypt, the North, and the East, and 



continues unsettled to the present day. Geographical position will explain, Why the Persians only 

 after acquiring Asia Minor moved against Egypt, and only after acquiring Egypt moved against 

 Greece ; and Why Alexander would not move against Persia without first securing Egypt : the very 

 latest invader on establishing himself in Egypt adopted at once the Egyptian view, and in accordance 

 therewith shaped his measures (see Thiers revol. Franc). 



The Hyksos are termed Phoenicians in the Maneth. tables, and according to Josephus c. A i. 14 

 were by some regarded as Arabs; but their long domination did not displace the spoken ]an«-uao-e 

 of Egypt, as will appear presently. Notwithstanding the enumeration of Hyksos kings in the Maneth. 



