OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. IOI 



"1677 B. C. = 15th year of Tai-keng" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Seventeenth 

 cycle. Also in the reign of Tai-keng (mem. Chin. viii. p. 192), first historical notice of a language 

 differing from the Chinese: certain people coming to render homage requiring interpreters (see 

 below, Tai-wou). 



As early perhaps as this date the Greek language in existence, with the inhabitants in the first 

 stage of society, the Stone Age or so-called " Golden Age," when (according to Hesiod, and Dicear- 

 chus) mankind lived on spontaneous fruits, and dissensions injustice and war were unknown — (much 

 as among the tribes of Interior Oregon when visited by myself). 



Quercus pubescent of the Mediterranean countries. Resembling 0. robur and equally called in 

 Greece " thenthro " (Sibth.), in Italy " rovere " though distinguished as " eschio " or " querce gentile " 

 (Lenz) : included doubtless in the Greek proverb " alis thruos " sufficiency in the oak, referred to the 

 Golden Age — by Dicearchus : the " platuphullos " bearing excellent acorns but the timber inferior, 

 is mentioned by Theophrastus iii. 8, also by Pausanias viii. 13. 1 : Q. pubescens was observed by 

 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos and Constantinople. West- 

 ward, the account by Pliny xvi. 8 of the "latifolia" seems chiefly taken from Theophrastus: Q. 

 pubescens is described by Clusius hist. i. pi. 18; is termed "q. foliis molli lanugine pubescentibus " 

 by Tournefort inst. 583 ; and is known to grow in Italy and Sicily (Guss., Philippi, and A. Dec). 



Quercus cegilops of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "vglanithia" (Sibth.), 

 in which we recognize the "valanoi" eaten from the earliest period by the Greeks, — mentioned also 

 by Hesiod op. 228, Homer od. x. 241, and " valanephagoi " by the Oracle after the death of Lycurgus 

 prohibiting Spartans from warring against Arcadians (Herodot. i. 66, and Paus. viii. 1, 6): the 

 "aigildps" is described by Theophrastus iii. 8 as the loftiest of the oaks, and bearing the bitterest 

 and worst acorns ; and the account by Pliny xvi. 8 seems taken from Theophrastus : Q. segilops is 

 termed "velani" or "q. orientalis castaneae folio glande recondita in cupula crassa et squamosa" by 

 Tournefort cor. 40 and trav. i. 128, "q. orientalis" by Pococke trav. iii. pi. 87; was observed by 

 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, a large and magnificent tree abounding near the sea from the 

 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Asia Minor, its large acorn-cups exported under the 

 name of valonia for dyeing cloth: the acorns notwithstanding their "disagreeable flavour" 

 were found by J. D. Hooker linn, trans, xxiii. eaten in Syria. Westward, Q. aegilops is enumer- 

 ated by Lenz as not indigenous in Italy, and therefore in France and Spain (Pers.) doubtless also 

 introduced. 



Quercus cerris of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " cerro " and the acorn "cerra" 

 (Lenz), in Greece " agria velanithia " or " mikra velanithia " (Fraas), and probably included in the 

 " valanSi " eaten by the earliest Greeks : — the " emSris " or " £tumothrun " described by Theophras- 

 tus iii 8 as not lofty but of a stunted habit with many branches, its acorns second in quality, may 

 be compared : Q. cerris was observed by Fraas in Greece, frequent towards the North. Westward, 

 the " cerrus " and " cerrea glans " are mentioned by Nigidius, Vitruvius, Columella, Pliny xvi. 6 to 8, 

 and Palladius i. 9; and O. cerris is known to grow in Italy, Southern France, and as far as Spain 

 (Duroi ii. pi. 5, Pers., Lam. fl. fr., and Dec. fl. fr.). 



Quercus ballota of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "prinari " (Fraas), and pro- 

 ducing edible acorns: — the tree called by the Arcadians "smilaka"is described by Theophrastus 

 iii. 16 as resembling the "prin6" but its leaves softer and not prickly; the "iligna glans" is men- 

 tioned by Horace, and Virgil eel. vii. 1 ; that from the kind that is not prickly is commended by 

 Columella vi. 3 ; and according to Pliny xvi. 6 to 8, one of the two kinds of " ilex " has leaves differ- 

 ing not much from those of the olive, and by some Greeks is called " smilaces : " Q. ballota is described 

 by Clusius hist. i. 23 ; is termed "ilex folio rotundiore molli modiceque sinuato " by Tournefort inst. 

 583; was observed by J. D. Hooker in Syria (Daub.); by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the 

 Peloponnesus to the Greek islands, the acorns not eaten habitually as in Spain ; by Desfontaines 

 ii. 350, in Barbary; by Webb, and Boissier, on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar (A. Dec); but 

 has not been observed by Lenz wild in Italy. 



Quercus Tournefortii of the East Mediterranean countries. The "aliphloios " or " guthuphloion," 

 one of five kinds of oak producing edible acorns distinguished by the inhabitants of Ida, — further 

 described by Theophrastus iii. 8 as having worthless timber, used only for axles and the like, is 

 referred here by Bosc (Steud.): the "alian thrun" is mentioned by Eupolis, and Plutarch symp. 4. 1 ; 

 and Pliny xvi. 8 in taking his account from Theophrastus clearly unites the " aliphloios " with the 

 "asprin" of the Macedonians: O. Tournefortii is termed " q. orientalis latifolia foliis ad costam 

 pulchre incisis glande maxima cupula crinita" by Tournefort cor. 40 as observed by him in Armenia 

 (Pers.), was observed also by Olivier trav. ii. 5 in Asia Minor, and either here or in Greece by 

 Sibthorp. 



Arbutus unedo of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain from the shape and colour of 

 its fruit strawberry-tree (Prior), in Germany " erdbeerbaum " (Grieb), in France " arbousier '' (Nugent), 



