104 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Stev.), and Institutes of Manu (transl. Bramin.). By Columbus himself, the horse was carried to 

 America (F. Columb. 45 to 51), where it is now employed throughout, even among uncivilized tribes, 

 and in both Northern and Austral America has besides relapsed into secondary wildness. 



The same tomb at El Kab presents the earliest distinct figures of the pig I could find on the 

 Egyptian monuments ; a herd substituted for the goats previously employed for treading in seeds 

 scattered on the soil: — pigs continued to subserve this agricultural purpose in Egypt in the days of 

 Herodotus ii. 14 ; afterwards, another change took place, in the substitution of sheep, witnessed by 

 Baumgarten i. 15. The hieroglyphic character of the pig, occurs as early at least as the Ptolemies 

 (Leps. d. iv. pi. 26), and is mentioned by Horapollo ii. 35. The flesh of the " hzyr " or pig was pro- 

 hibited by Moses (Levit. xi. 7) : the pig is also mentioned by Homer, Aeschylus ; and in Switzerland, 

 during the Stone period, was kept domesticated, as appears from debris of the earliest villages (Tro- 

 yon). Eastward, in Hindustan, the pig is mentioned in the Sama Veda (Stevenson), and in the 

 Institutes of Manu (Deslongchamps' version) ; and figures of boar-headed personages were observed 

 by myself in a Braminical cave-temple at Ellora. In China, the pig has been long known. Farther 

 East, was aboriginally introduced throughout the Tropical islands of the Pacific (as verified by my- 

 self) ; but was absent from New Zealand until carried there by colonial Whites : and was carried to 

 America by Columbus (F. Columb. 81). 



Zizyphus vulgaris of the Southern border of the Sahara. Called in Italy " giuggiolo " and its 

 fruit " giuggiula " or " zizola " or " zinzola " (Lenz), in Greece " tzitzuphuia " and its fruit " tzitzupha" 

 (Fraas), around Lebanon " ziziphi " (Rauwolf), in Egypt "bnnab" (Forsk.), and heaps of red fruit 

 figured in the same tomb — possibly belong here : Z. vulgaris was pointed out to me by an Arab 

 attendant as bearing "the best of all known fruits," in accordance with the account of Lotophagi by 

 Homer od. ix. 97 ; the " 16tos " of Cyrene, its timber much used in Egypt and its fruit yielding wine, 

 is mentioned by Herodotus ii. 56 and iv. 177, Theophrastus iv. 3, Polybius, Strabo xvii. 3. 17, and 

 Athenaeus xiv 65 ; 'T6tos etSros " yielding wine and its fruit eaten, is enumerated in the Scylacean 

 Periplus among trees planted in the garden of the Hesperides, occurring also farther West along the 

 Syrtis of the Lotophagi (Tripolitan coast) : Z. vulgaris is mentioned by Mohammed kor. 53 (transl. 

 Sale); was observed by Mungo Park in Interior Africa (Pers.) ; by Abd-allatif, Forskal liii., Delile, 

 and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt, its timber of excellent quality and a cold infusion of its 

 fruit much used. Farther North, the " zizuphon " is mentioned by Galen, Oribasius, and in Geo- 

 ponica x. 3 ; Z. vulgaris was observed by Rauwolf around Lebanon ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 

 Fraas, on Parnassus and the mountains of Attica, also in gardens. Westward, "zizipha" were 

 brought from Syria towards the close of the reign of Augustus by Sextus Papinius, seen consul 

 (A. D. 36) by Pliny xv. 14; and the tree is mentioned as cultivated in Italy by Columella, and Palla- 

 dius : Z. vulgaris is termed " ziziphus " by Tournefort inst. 627; was observed by Ray (Hogg in 

 Hook, journ.), and Lenz, cultivated and seemingly wild in Italy; and by Shaw, in Barbary. East- 

 ward from Egypt, is known to occur in Persia (Pall. fl. ross. ii. pi. 59, and Lindl.) ; was observed by 

 Roxburgh in Hindustan; by Graham, the " cultivated bhere generally found about old Musselman 

 cities in the Deccan and Goozerat, and probably introduced at the time of Mahomedan conquest " 

 According to Lindley, " the pleasant pectoral lozenges called pate de jujube are prepared " in part 

 from this species. (See Z. jujuba, and Z. melanogona). 



Allium cepa of the Desert-margin in Syria and Persia. Called in Britain onion, in a Wycliffite 

 transl. Num. "uniowns," in France " oignon " (Prior), in Germany "zwiebel" (Grieb), in Italy 

 " cipolla " (Lenz) , in Greece " krommuthi " (Sibth.), in Egypt " basal " (Forsk ), in Egyptian " mj61 " 

 (transl. Sept.) or " emjol " (Kirch.) or "emjol" (ms. Borg.) or " mjoul " (lex. Oxf.); and standing 

 crops figured in this tomb, brown-headed and pulled while the stems are green — seem to belono- 

 here ; notwithstanding the superior height of a similar crop at Bab-el-meluk under the Nineteenth 

 dynasty : strings of onions are distinctly figured under the Seventeenth or Eighteenth dynasty 

 (Champ. -Fig. pi. . .) : " btzlym " were longed for by the Israelites in the Desert (Num. xi. 5); and 

 "caepas" were held sacred like gods by the Egyptians in oaths, in the days of Pliny xix. 32, and 

 Juvenal xv : A. cepa was observed by Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself, under cultivation in 

 Egypt ; and by Hasselquist, growing in the open country along the Dead Sea near Jericho (A. Dec). 

 Farther North, the " krommuon " is mentioned by Homer, Aristophanes, Theophrastus, Dioscorides • 

 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "k£pam" of the Romans ; the •' cepe " or "caepa" is mentioned 

 by Varro, Horace, Persius, Columella, and according to Pliny xix. 32 to xx. 20 is unknown in the 

 wild state : A. cepa is termed " c. vulgaris floribus et tunicis candidis " by Tournefort inst. 382 ; was 

 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas everywhere under cultivation in Greece, as throughout 

 Europe. Eastward from Egypt, the Tsoung ling or onion mountain-chain passing near Kachgar, de- 

 rives its name from the abundance of the plant (Klapr. mem. ii. 295): A. cepa is successfully cultivated 

 within the Tropics, as witnessed by myself at Mocha and in Hindustan ; is mentioned in the Insti- 

 tutes of Manu (transl. Deslongch ), is called in Sanscrit "palandu" or " latarka " or " sukandaka " 



