OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 105 



(Pidd., and Ainsl.), in Bengalee " palandu brikhya " or " tanmul," in Hjndustanee u basal " or " piyaz " 

 (D'roz.), and " piaz " in the environs of Bombay long famed " for the cultivation " (Graham). Farther 

 East, was observed by Mason "exotic" in Burmah and called " kypt-thwon-nee ; " by Loureiro, 

 under cultivation in Cochinchina and China; by Kaempfer and Thu,nb<ft-g, cultivated here and there 

 in Japan and called "soo, " or usually " fitomosi." By European colonists, was carried to Peru 

 before the visit of J. Acosta, observed there by myself; to the West Indies before the visit of Sloane i. 

 p. 75 ; to New England before the visit of W. Wood i. 5 in 1629, continues abundantly cultivated in 

 Northeast America, and partly from this source has been distributed throughout the Pacific, as ascer- 

 tained by myself on the Hawaiian and Feejeean islands, New Zealand, and Australia. 



Metallic money, probably of silver, at this time in use in Egypt, as shown by heaps of rings 

 figured at El Kab (Leps. d. iii. pi. 10). — The pieces of silver given by Abimelech to Abraham, and 

 those "weighed" for the purchase of the sepulchre at Hebron (Gen. xx. 16 and xxiii. 16), were prob- 

 ably of this description. Rings, regarded by Champollion-Figeac p. 208 as of silver, are figured in a 

 tribute-procession to Tetmes III. under the Eighteenth dynasty : a mummy belonging to the time of 

 perhaps the Twenty-fifth dynasty, was found on being unrolled in London to contain "a silver plate." 

 Among the Greeks, the discovery of silver was attributed to Erichthonius of Athens, or by some to 

 Aeacus (Plin. vii. 57); and "arguroelos" silver-studded, and " argurotoxos " bearing a silver bow, 

 are expressions used by Homer il. i. 37 and ii. 45. 



161 2 B. C. (= 1587 y. 239H d. -)- "430 — 400 years " of ten lunations of Ex. xii. 40 and Gen. xv. 

 13 = 24 j. y. 93^ d., for 30 years X ia -f- 12 = " 100-75 years" of Gen. xii. 4 and xxi. 5), the Call to 

 Abram ; and his departure from Haran for the land of Canaan. 



The "gml" of the sojourn of Abram in Egypt (Gen. xii. 16), according to the name current 

 there and the received opinion, is the camel, Camelus dromas : — the "gml " is also mentioned in 

 Genesis xxxvii. 25, Leviticus xi. 4, Judges vii. 12, viii. 26, 1 Kings x. 2, and Job i. 3; but by Herod- 

 otus, in connexion with the East only ; is figured in the Khorsabad sculptures at Nineveh (Botta pi. 

 98, and Bonom. iv. 1), and on Himyaritic monuments in Yemen (observed by myself), but seems 

 entirely excluded from the Egyptian monuments. Egypt besides, appears to have continued for 

 many centuries a barrier to the diffusion of the living animal Westward : even to the time of the 

 Romans, the camel is hardly mentioned more than once in Numidia (Caes bell. afr. 68); and its 

 final complete introduction, carrying population into districts previously uninhabitable, doubtless revo- 

 lutionized society throughout North Africa. In Hindustan, the camel is mentioned in the Institutes 

 of Manu, and as used for riding by bramins (Braminical and Deslongchamps' versions) ; riding camels 

 in India, is also mentioned by Herodotus, and Arrian, and was occasionally witnessed by myself; 

 but I found no figures of the animal in the cave-temples. Recently, the camel has been introduced 

 upon our Western plains, and with some promise of success. 



The city of Hebron at this time in existence (Gen. xiii. 18, xviii. 1, and xxiii. 2). " Hebron was 

 built seven years before Zoan in Egypt" (Numb. xiii. 22). In regard to the latter city, called also San 

 or Tanis, no Tanite dynasty is named by Manetho anterior to the present date ; — and the earliest 

 relics found there are inscribed with the name of Meneptha II. of the Nineteenth dynasty. 



1609 B. C. (= 1071 -f " 25th + 27 -f 19 + 42 + 30 + 8 + 32 + 30 + 45 + 45 -f 40 -f 40 + 

 30 4- 22 -f- 30 -\- 30 -)- 32 years " of Eusebius i. -\- " 12 years " in another place), accession of Bal- 

 aeus as Assyrian emperor. (The alleged " 12 years," not reaching Cephalion's limit, cannot be cor- 

 rect ; and in fact, "fifty-two " years are assigned to this reign in Euseb. i and ii, and Syncell.). 



Amosis abolished the human sacrifices to Hera or Juno in Heliopolis ; and in place of the vic- 

 tims, ordered " kerinous " to be laid aside (Manetho, in Porphyr. de abst. ii. 55). The Greek word 

 may in one sense mean destiny-images or soul-certificates, and therefore the small blue sepulchral 

 images so frequently exhumed.in Egypt. — A box for holding such images, dated in the succeeding 

 reign, is mentioned by Birch as the earliest instance known of the custom of depositing them : he 

 further states, that these images are all inscribed with the same extract from the Ritual or Book of 



the Dead. 



This interfering in religious rites seems connected with the real commencement of Greek history, 

 Inachus first king of Argos being a worshipper of Hera or Juno (Pausan. ii. 15. 4). The inhabi- 

 tants of Greece had by this time reached the Second stage of society, the consequence (according to 

 Dicearchus) of accumulating provisions, slaying wild animals and domesticating certain kinds, multi- 

 plying hefds through pastoral pursuits, and the introduction of war. As to the Third stage, critical 

 examination of whatever is practically useful leading to Agriculture, the art if not already in Greece 

 would probably be brought by refugee priests of Hera. 



Malva s/lvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain mallow or 

 round-dock, by Chaucer "dock" (Prior), in Italy "malva" or "malva selvatica" (Lenz), in Ger- 

 many " wilde kasepappel," in Greece " moloha " or " maloha " (Fraas), in Egyptian " j6j," the same 

 word meaning unleavened bread (Kirch.), in which we recognize the " malahe " eaten as early as this 



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