106 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



date in Greece — (Hesiod op. 41), mentioned also in the Batrachomyomachia 161, and identified with 

 the " molohe " by Athenaeus ii. 52 ; the " molohes " root is mentioned by Antiphanes (Athen.) : M. 

 sylvestris was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in low ground and waste places frequent 

 from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands, its leaves eaten (Walpole trav. 

 p. 245) ; by Delile, wild near Alexandria, and is enumerated by Clot-Bey among the esculent plants 

 of Egypt. Westward, the " malva " is enumerated among esculents by Cicero, and Horace; by 

 Pliny xx. 84 as eaten and called "malachen" by the Greeks; and the " moloche " is mentioned 

 by Columella x. 247: M. sylvestris is termed " m. vulgaris flore majore folio sinuato " by Tournefort 

 inst. 95 ; is described by Persoon as erect ; was observed by Forskal on Malta and on the hills 

 around Marseilles ; and is known to occur in waste places and fallow ground throughout middle 

 Europe as far as Britain (Cav. ii. pi. 26, and Curt. lond. ii. pi. 51). By European colonists, was car- 

 ried to Northeast America, where it was observed by A. Gray along " way-sides " in our Northern 

 States. The plant according to Lindley is " mucilaginous and emollient." (See M. rotundifolia.) 



slsphodehts ramosus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "asfodillo" (Lenz), in 

 Greece " karavouki " or " spourthakula " or "asphoth£16" (Sibth.), in which we recognize the 

 " asphothfilos " eaten by the Greeks as early as this date, — and in after times held sacred, planted 

 on tombs and before gates of cities (Plin. xxi. 68, and Eustath.) ; mentioned as esculent by Hesiod 

 op. 40, Theophrastus vii. 12, and the favourite diet of Pythagoras (Porphyr.) ; mentioned as growing 

 wild by Homer od. xi. 538 to 573; and the " l£uk6n asphoth£16n," by Cratevas : A. ramosus was 

 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in open situations from the Peloponnesus 

 throughout Greece and the Greek islands, extensive tracts coloured with its flowers. Westward, its 

 stem called " anthe'rikos '' was according to Hellanicus employed by the Numidians for building huts, 

 a practice alluded to by Diodorus xx. 57, the time of gathering is defined by Mago, and the " anthS- 

 rix " is also mentioned by Theocritus i. 52 : the " asphothelos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 

 " alvoukioum " of the Romans, but according to Pliny xxi. 68 the " albucum " of Italy is the stem : 

 A. ramosus is termed " a. albus ramosus mas " by Tournefort inst. 343 ; was observed by Lenz here 

 and there in Italy, and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 



i5o8 B. C. (tomb of officer Aahmes, and Birch), after a siege of "six years," Sharuhana in Pal- 

 estine captured by king Aahmes. — The city of Sharuhen is mentioned in Joshua xix. 6. 



1605 B. C. = " 15 years before the reign of Phoroneus " (Anticlid., in Plin. vii. 56), letters or 

 alphabetic willing invented by Memnon or Menon, an Egyptian. The Phoenician alphabet is clearly 

 not older than the domestication of the camel j this animal being substituted for the Cynocephalus or 

 baboon for the third letter. 



The tomb of Aahotep mother of king Amosis (discovered by Mariette 91) was found to con- 

 tain : a breastplate ornamented with precious stones, red cornelian, turquoise, and lapis-lazuli (the 

 latter of course brought from Media) : — ''antique Egyptian jewelry set alternately with bits of lapis 

 lazuli" was known to C. W. King ant. gem, who further refers here the '• sapphirus " of Pliny from 

 its coming "from Media : " according to Marco Polo 47, " balasci " and "pieres duquelz Ten fait le 

 azur " come from Balascia : 



Also a diadem of gold, ornamented with two diminutive sphinxes: a poignard having the blade 

 of bronse, and handle of sillier : 



And three bees carved in gold. The honey-bee, Apis mellifica, is enumerated as a hieroglyphic 

 character — by Horapollo 59; is figured in a tomb above Girgeh of the time of MienpUh (observed 

 by myself), is mentioned in the history of Samson (Judg. xiv. 8), also in Proverhs xxiv. 13, Psalm 

 cxviii. 12, and by Hesiod, Homer il. ii. 87, and subsequent Greek and Latin writers. Eastward, is 

 mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stev.), the Institutes of Manu (transl. Deslongch.), and the 

 Mahavansi of the Ceylon Budhists. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 

 where it continues kept in hives and has become naturalized ; and in " 1869," the first swarm of bees 

 with a "store of wild honey" were found in a tree "on the west side of the Sierra Xevacla moun- 

 tains," there " were no wild bees" in the country beyond the Sierra when first occupied by emigrants 

 from the Atlantic States, by whom however bees were soon imported (B. Transcript, Apr. 14th, 1869). 



Eighty-first generation. Jan. 1st, 1600, mostly beyond youth : Bethuel (Gen. xxiv. 24 and 

 xxviii. 5), Zibeon (Gen. xxxvi. 24 and 1 Chron. i. 38). 



Ficus svcomoius of Abyssinia and the mountains of Yemen. The sycamore is called in Yemen 

 " sokam " or '■ obre '' or "chanas," in Egypt "djummeiz" (Forsk.), and mummy-cases under the 

 Seventeenth dynasty are usually of its wood — (Birch) : a tank with trees planted around, apparently 

 of this species, is figured in the beginning of the Eighteenth dynasty ; also the mystical sacred tree 

 (Leps. d. iii. pi. 37 and 40), shown by later and more highly finished representations to be the syca- 

 more : the "sukaminos" is mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 2 as not growing North of E°-ypt ; the 

 "djummeiz," by Temimi, and Abd-allatif ; and F. sycomorus was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in 

 Egypt, by myself, planted on the river-flat throughout. Farther South, by Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 



