108 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



tioned by Ibrahim Magrebi, Ishak ben Amran, and Ebn Baitar ; the living C. myxa was observed by 

 Alpinus, Lippi, Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, by myself on the river-flat planted throughout, a Tropi- 

 cal tree that may succeed in Palestine but hardly farther North : is known however to occur in Per- 

 sia (Lindl.). Farther South, was observed by Forskal p. 33 planted as well as wild among the 

 mountains of Yemen and the fruit eaten by boys, its wood tough and solid employed by carpenters, 

 also to procure fire by friction. Eastward, was observed by Graham " on the Ghauts and about 

 villages throughout the Concan," its fruit pickled and eaten by the natives ; by Rheede iv. pi. 47, in 

 Malabar; by Roxburgh, and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan; by Mason, in Burfnah. The 

 " sebesten" of Avicenna, Serapion, and Averrhoes, is also referred here; and according to Gaertner, 

 Graham, and Lindley, the transparent glutinous pulp of the fruit of C. myxa becomes when dried the 

 true sebesten of the shops. 



In the valley of Der-el-Medinet at Thebes, an example of the arch occurs in a tomb inscribed 

 with the name of Amunhotep, and built of dobi or sun-dried brick (Wilk. topog. theb. Si). 



The portraits of Amunhotep are sometimes accompanied by that of his wife, queen Aahotep 

 (Leps. d. iii. pi. 1) ; a woman possibly of the Nubian Race, but to all appearance, a negress. 



A statue of king Amunhotep is (now in the museum at Turin) : — and his memory appears to 

 have been held in after times in veneration by the Egyptians. 



1579 B. C. (= 1592 — " 13 years" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), end of the reign of 

 the second king of the Seventeenth dynasty. The name of king Tutmas is next on 

 the monuments, — in the tablet at Abydos, and the series of kings at Gurna. 



The "first year of Tutmas" occurs on the rocks at Assouan, and in the quarries. of 

 German opposite the isle of Tombos in 19 N. — (Birch). 

 1578 B. C. = "2d year of Tutmas '' (Leps. k. tab. p. 17, and eg. and sin. 233), in an inscription 

 at Tombos ; the latest date in his reign found on the monuments. 



Tutmas continued the temple at Karnak, placed there two obelisks (Birch) ; and according to 

 Champollion-Figeac, built the earliest portion of the temple at Medinet Abu and a rock-temple at 

 Ibrim in Nubia; a "magnificent colossal statue" of him is now in the museum at Turin. 



1576 B. C. (= 1575 -|- his " 1st year"), the accession of Tutmas II. not earlier than 

 this dale. His name is next on the monuments, contemporaneous — as well as in the 

 tablet at Abydos, and the series of kings at Gurna. 



" First year of Tutmas II." (Leps. k. tab. p. 17), the latest date in his reign found 

 on the monuments. His name occurs in one or more rock tablets at Tombos (Leps. 

 e_ r . and sin. 18) ; and (according to Champollion-Figeac), he built additions to the temple at Medinet 

 Aim, and edifices at Semneh in Nubia, and at Esneh. 



1575 B. C. (= 1554 y. 3 mo. -|- "20 y. 7 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A., or "21 

 years" in the Euseb.-Maneth. table), accession of Am£n6phis, in the Afr.-Maneth. 

 table called " Am£n6pbtbis " (the termination indicating a female). The name of 

 queen Amun-u-hnumut is next on contemporaneous monuments ; — but does not occur 

 in the genealogical series at Ab\dos, nor in that at Gurna (an omission due perhaps 

 to the mode of reckoning). 



Her name is associated with that of Tutmas II. at Medinet Abu, in the Assasif, and elsewhere 

 — (Birch) : and occurs in a tomb at Thebes belonging to the earlier part of the Eighteenth dynasty 

 (Poole hor. eg. 65). 



Peaceful expedition by sea as far as Punt (Pontus ?), now first visited by the Egyptians — (Birch). 

 Among the articles brought back to Egypt, " stibium" is enumerated — (Birch) : the practice of 

 blackening the eyelids with "kohl" (a preparation said to be mainly composed of antimony) seems 

 figured on the monuments as early as the Seventeenth dynasty : the use of "kohl " or eye-paint is 

 mentioned in 2 Kings ix. 30; also by Ion, and Julius Pollux v. 16. 101, the material being termed 

 '•stimmi " by the Greeks, and "stibium" by Celsus : the custom continues in Egypt to the present 

 day; and the importation there of antimony "from Europe," is mentioned by Forskal mat. med. 



Echium setosum of the East Mediterranean countries. A rough bristly-leaved herb called in 

 Egypt "el kaheeli," its red root and bark persistently and beautifully staining the skin, and employed 

 as a cosmetic (Forsk.); included perhaps in that composed by queen Amun-u-hnumut on the return of 

 the Expedition — (see Birch) : "aghousa riza" used as cosmetic by women, giving rise to the term 

 "aghousizfisthai," is mentioned by Hesychius ; the " riziou " used by women as cosmetic, by Diosco- 

 rides iv. 98: the "ghousa" or "aghousa," by Aristophanes lys. 48 and eccles. 929; and is described 

 by Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 to 9. 3 and od. 31 to 33 as having leaves spreading on the ground and a red 

 root, imported from Syria for colouring ointments : E. setosum was observed by Sibthorp pi. 182, and 

 Chaubard, from Crete to the Peloponnesus ; and by Forskal p. 41, and Delile, on the Mediterranean 

 border of Egypt. 



Populus nigra of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain black poplar (Prior), in Germany 



