OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 109 



" schwarzpappel," in Italy "albaro" or "pioppa" or "pioppo nero" (Lenz), in Greece "kavaki" 

 (Sibth.), in Egypt "baks" (Forsk.) ; and possibly among the foreign trees brought by the fleet and 

 planted in Egypt — (see Birch) : tall ornamental trees are figured in garden-plans at Gurna (Champ, 

 pi. 174, and Rosselin. ii. pi. 68): the "bkaym" of David's victory at Rephaim (2 Sam. v. 23 and 

 1 Chron. xiv. 14) may prove the origin of the consecration of the " populus " to Hercules (see Samson) : 

 P. nigra was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt ; is known to occur 

 also in Palestine (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.). Farther North, the "aig£iros" is mentioned by Hesiod, 

 Homer, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and the "aigeirou kretikes " in 1 Mul. morb. 108: P. nigra 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in wooded situations from the Peloponnesus and Cyprus 

 throughout Greece. Westward, the "populus" is mentioned by Cicero, Ovid; as grateful to Her- 

 cules, by Virgil eel. vii. 61, and Pliny xii. 2 ; and the "populus nigra," by Pliny xvii. 35. 22 : P. nigra 

 is described by Tournefort inst. 592, and Blackwell pi. 248 ; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy, and 

 is known to grow on river-banks throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1910, 

 and Pers.). Eastward from the Black Sea. is known to grow throughout Northern Asia, being 

 enumerated by A. Decandolle among the plants extending two-thirds around the Subarctic circuit 

 of the Globe. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues planted 

 for ornament, especially in and near the district drained by the Hudson river. The young leafbuds 

 according to Lindley are " employed as the basis of a balsam and tincture," and occasionally in the 

 preparation of "unguentum populeum." (For the art of making the tree grow unnaturally tall, see 

 P. tremula). 



Pyrus communis of Europe and the Caucasian countries. Called in Britain pear, in Anglo- 

 Saxon "peru," in France "poire," in Spain " pera " (Prior), in Germany "birn" (Grieb.), in Slavonic 

 "krusska" or "gruscha," in Celtic "peren" (A. Dec), in Italy "pera," and the wild kind " peruggine " 

 or "pero selvatico" (Lenz), in Greece " apithia," and the wild kind " ahlathia" (Fraas), in Egypt 

 " kummitri " (Forsk.) ; and possibly among the foreign trees brought by the fleet and planted in Egypt 

 — (see Birch) : the fruit-tree figured in one of the tombs at Gurna (Rosselin. ii. pi. 68) seems to belong 

 here : the " apios " is mentioned in the Hermetic iatromathem. ; and P. communis was observed by 

 Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt, the fruit besides imported from 

 mount Sinai, and from Tor on the Gulf of Akaba. Farther North, the image of Juno dedicated by 

 Peirasus was rwade of " ahrathos " wood (Paus. ii. 17. 5) ; the " apios " is mentioned by Theophrastus, 

 Istrus, Dioscorides, Galen, and Athenaeus xiv. 63 ; P. communis was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 

 bard, and Fraas, in the Peloponnesus and other parts of Greece, both wild and cultivated ; and is 

 known to grow wild about Caucasus (Ledeb.). Westward, the "pirum" cultivated in several varieties 

 is mentioned by Cato vii. 4, Horace, Virgil, Celsus, Pliny, the "achras pi rus " by Columella, and 

 "pirus agrestis" by Palladius iii. 25. 1 : P. communis was cultivated in Switzerland during the Stone 

 Age, a small-fruited kind "var. achras " occurring in debris of the earliest villages (Heer and.Troyon 

 278 and 443) ; is termed " p. sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 632 ; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy ; 

 is known to grow wild in middle Europe, and is besides cultivated throughout as far as Lat. 64° (A. 

 Dec). Eastward from Caucasus, pears " from Bunder- Abbas " on the Persian Gulf were shown me 

 at Muscat ; and are sometimes carried to Hindustan, as appears from having a Hindustanee name 

 "nashpati" (D'roz.), but the tree remains unknown there even in the North (Royle); though its 

 cultivation has extended by the way of Central Asia to China and Japan (Bunge, and Thunb.). By 

 European colonists, the tree was carried to Northeast America, where it continues successfully culti- 

 vated in our Northern States; and to St. Helena, where I found the fruit large but -tasteless. (See 

 Peirasus). 



Beta vulgaris of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain beet (Prior), 

 in France "bette" or " betterave " (A. Dec), in Germany "mangold," in Italy " barba " or "betiola" 

 (Lenz), in Greece "seskoula" or "pheskoula" and the red-rooted variety '-kokkinogoulia" (Fraas), 

 in Egypt "saelk" and the red-rooted variety " bandsjar " (Forsk ), in Egyptian " 16gem " (Kirch.) ; 

 and possibly brought to Egypt by the Expedition in question — (see Birch) : agreeing with the tuft 

 of laro-e leaves on a root figured in the Asasif, and on subsequent monuments (Leps. d. iii. pi. 19 and 

 78): B. vulgaris was observed by Abd-allatif ii. I, Forskal, and Delile, under cultivation in Egypt. 

 Farther North, the "s£utlon" or "teutlon" is mentioned in the Batrachomyomachia, also by Crates, 

 Melanthius, Aristophanes pac 1008, Eudemus, Diphilus, and Athenaeus ii. 57 ; the "teutlon leukon " 

 and " melan " are distinguished by Theophrastus vii. 4, and Dioscorides ; B. vulgaris was observed 

 by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, and by Fraas under cultivation in Greece, the white-rooted 

 variety for the leaves only, which are eaten as greens. Westward, the "beta" is mentioned by Plau- 

 tus, and Pliny, the "pede Candida beta" by Columella x. 251, "fatuae fabrorum prandia betae " by 

 Martial, and "betizare" by Suetonius oct. 87; B. vulgaris is described by Fuchsius, Cassalpinus, 

 Olivier de Serres, and Parkinson; and is known to be cultivated in Italy and throughout middle 

 Europe (Ait., and Pers.). Eastward from Egypt, is cultivated in Hindustan for its leaves only and 



