Il8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



1494 B. C. (= 1484 y. 3 mo. -\- "9 y. 8 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = 1417 + 

 '37 _|_ 31 -j- 9 years" of the Afr.-Maneth table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving -j- 

 '3S -(- 31 -\-g" = 1495), accession of Thmdsis or T6uthm6sis, as king of Egypt. Tut- 

 mas IV., third king of the Eighteenth dynasty, is next on the monuments : both con- 

 temporaneous, — and in the series of kings at Abydos and Gurna. 



In this year = " 1st of his reign," Tutmas IV. set up a votive tablet fourteen feet high between 

 the fore paws of the Great Sphinx at Gizeh — (Leps. d. iii. pi. 68, and Birch). He also completed 

 the temple at Amada, built additions to others at Wadi Haifa and Thebes, and set up obelisks (one 

 of which is now in Rome). 



1402 B. C. (= 1505 y. 33 2 |§ d. — " 17 years " of ten lunations of Gen. xxxvii. 2 and 28), Joseph 

 sold to Ishmeelite or Midianite merchants, and carried by them into Egypt. 



The balm of Gilead " Izry " on the camels of the Ishmeelites and Midianite merchants — (gen. 

 xxxvii. 25), included among the productions of Palestine in gen. xliii. 11, healing and produced in 

 Gilead according to Jeremiah viii. 22 and xlvi. 11, brought by merchants of Judah and Israel to 

 Tyre in the days of Ezekiel xxvii. 17, is probably the "balsamum Hierosolymitanum " seen by Forskal 

 mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt : the plant from which it is procured remains unknown. 



Cistns Creticus of the East Mediterranean countries. The plant producing gum ladanum is 

 called in Greece "lathan6" (Sibth.) or " em£ro kistari" or " emeVa kounouklia " (Fraas), while in 

 Egypt its imported product is called "laden" (Forsk.) : the "It" or "lwt" on the camels of the 

 Ishmeelites — (gen. xxxvii. 25), included among the productions of Palestine in gen. xliii. it, is 

 referred here by Celsius, and Gesenius ; the "lethanon" is said by Herodotus iii. 107, and Rufus 

 Ephesius, to be procured by the Arabians, by Pliny xii. 37 to be produced in Nabathaean (Northern) 

 Arabia and Cyprus ; Arabian, Cyprian, and Libyan " lathanon " procured from a kind of "kistou" 

 are mentioned by Dioscorides : gum "laden " was found by Forskal mat. med. imported into Egypt 

 from Crete ; and the process of procuring it was witnessed in Crete by Tournefort, and Sieber 

 (Spreng.). C. Creticus is termed " c. ladanifera cretica flore purpureo " by Tournefort cor. 19, was 

 observed by him, Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Crete and Corinth throughout the Greek islands to 

 Cyprus ; is known to grow also in Syria (Buxb. iii. pi. 64, and Pers.). Ladanum according to 

 Lindley is a gum-resin "produced principally by this species," and "has been much esteemed as a 

 stimulant and emmenagogue." (See C. Monspeliensis). 



Astragalus gummi/'er of the mountains of Syria and Kurdistan. Gum tragacanth is called in 

 Arabic " nakaoton " (Greenfield), and the '• nkad " on the camels of the Ishmeelites — (gen. xxxvii. 

 25), enumerated among the productions of Palestine in gen. xliii. 11, is referred here by Gesenius: 

 " katad " or " katira " is mentioned by Rhazes ; and as procured on Lebanon, by Ebn Baitar: A. 

 gummifer was observed by Labillardiere on Lebanon, yielding gum tragacanth; by Dickson, yielding 

 the same in Kurdistan (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.). A white kind according to Lindlev, " more 

 transparent than that of commerce, neither does it dissolve so well in water, and therefore is inferior 

 in quality.'' (See A. verus). 



Scorzoncra tuberosa of Syria and the Tauro-Caspian countries. The " nkwd " brought from 

 Gilead on the camels of the Ishmeelites — (gen. xxxvii. 25) is referred by Sprengel to the gum exuded 

 by this root, well known in the country East of the Jordan : S. tuberosa is known to grow around 

 Damascus, was observed in Syria by Rauwolf 117 ; and by Pallas trav. iii. app. 131, in arid situations 

 along the Lower Volga (Pers.) 



1491 B. C. (="five hundred and twenty-fifth ann. Abr.'' of Euseb., "five hundredth" beino- 

 given in another place), in Greece, the temple at Delphi built by Erysichthon. The oracle at first 

 belonged to Ge and Neptune (Paus. x. 5. 6, see Aeschyl. eum. 2). 



" 1490 B. C. = 1st year of Wou-kia, of the Chang " or Fourth dymsty — (Chinese chron. table). 



1488 B. C. = " 7th year of Tutmas IV.," in a tablet on Konosso recording a victory over Ne°ro 

 tribes ; the latest date in his reign found on the monuments — (Birch). 



9/ ^y r 4S5 B - c - (= I4'7 + "36 )'■ 5 mo. -f 30 y. 10 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A., = 

 Nial " 37 -j-3 [ " in the Afr.-Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving -)- "38 -|- 31 " 

 i :r jM = i4 Sfj ), accession of AmenSphis as king of Egypt. Amunhotep III. fourth king of 

 Wmm llle Eighteenth dynasty, is next on the monuments: both contemporaneous, — and in 

 ^■y the series of kings at Abydos and Gurna. 

 In this year = " istof his reign." The quarries at Tourah re-opened by Amunhotep III. (Birch.) 

 "14S4 B. C. = beginning of the Dwapar Yug or Brazen Age" among the Hindus (Graha 

 Munjari tables). Parasurama son of Jamadagni (Bentley as. res. viii. 231) may have been at 

 this time reigning. He is said to have destroyed the Kshattriya or military caste (Bhavabhuti 

 uttar. vi., transl. H. H. Wils.). Rama, a son of Jumudugni, — is mentioned in the Ramayana i. 61 

 to ii. 18. 



In this year = " 2d of Amunhotep III.," on the rocks at the quarries at Tourah — (Birch). 



