122 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Olympus and around Colophon : C. scammonia was received from Asia Minor by Matthioli ; is termed 

 "scammonia syriaca"by C. Bauhin pin. 294, " c. syriacus " by Tournefort inst. 83; was observed 

 by Sibthorp in the hedges of Rhodes, and he further ascertained that it yields Aleppo scammony. 

 Westward, the imported drug " scammonea " or " scammonium " is mentioned by Cato, Cicero, Celsus, 

 Scribonius Largus, and Vegetius ; and the kind called by the Romans "kolophftnion," in Syn. Diosc, 

 and by Pliny xxvi. 38. The drug scammony according to Lindley is a resin obtained " from the roots," 

 but is "extremely uncertain," the difference in quality due in part to "manipulations of the Jews." 



The same year (=317-)- " 1100 yrs " of Puranas, Lassen, and C. O. Mull, note to Arrian ind. 9), 

 in Hindustan, accession of Somapi son of Sahadeva as first king of Magadha under the Kali Period. 

 — " Forty-four or forty-five " kings follow, down to Sandracottus, an average reign of more than 

 twenty-four years. 



1414, June (= 1413 y. 302j£ d. = 1240 -f- half of the "430 years" of ten lunations of Ex xiii. 

 40, a division sanctioned by immemorial usage among the Jews), "Beth-horon the nether, and the 

 upper, and Uzzen Sherah," cities in Palestine, founded by Sherah (1 Chron. vii. 24) : an undertaking 

 that could only be carried out with the aid and assent of the Egyptian government. The two cities 

 first mentioned bear the name of king Oros or Horemheb, — were certainly in existence prior to the 

 Hebrew conquest of Palestine (Josh. x. 10, xvi. 5, xviii. 13, and xxi. 22) ; were repaired by Solomon 

 (2 Chron. viii 5) ; and to the present day are recognized in the two neighbouring villages called 

 "Beit-flr" (see Robinson topog. Palest, iii. 59 to 62). 



1413, July 20th (= 753 -f- a phcenix of 660 years = 128 A. D. -f- 1540 years = 351 -|- " 18 -j- 

 39" -)- erased 6 -\- " 124 -(- 177 -)- 44 -f- 44 -j- 19 -)- 48 -|- 121 -|- 22S -J- 194 years " of the Egyptian 

 Chronicle = " 5th year of Kogharis " of Manetho in Syncell., the Afr.-Maneth. table giving 339 -|- 

 "4 + 3 -f - + 38 + 20 y. 4 mo. -\- 6 + 124 y. 4 mo. -j- 150 y. 6 mo. -j- 40 + 6 -)- 89 -f-42 -f 13 -)- 25 

 -j- 15 -f- 21 -\- 130 -|- I3S 4" 20 9 years " = 1412 y. 2 mo , and the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving -\- '- 6 

 + 4 + 6 -f 20 + 21 y. 4 mo. + 6 -{- 120 y. 4 mo. + 42 -)- 25 -f 17 -f 6 + 45 + 8 + 6 -f 7 -f 12 -\- 44 

 — (— 4.4. — j— 44 -[-49 + 130 -\- 178 -(- T 94 4" 4° years " = 1413 y. 8 mo., or in the Armenian version 522 

 y. 8 mo. 4" " 167 + 44 + 44 4" 44 + 49 + r 3° + l 7& + x 94 4" 4° years " = 1412 y. 8 mo., Theon's 

 account agreeing, for the reign of Menophre or Seti Mienptah is conventionally extended in the Afr.- 

 Maneth. table beyond this date)-, end of the second Great Year : fairly counted by the calendar used 

 in Egypt. 



The phcenix, "\S\p\ ' s %ured at Amarna, and so far as I have been able to discover, for 

 the first time on -£t\ "\vy^ the Egyptian monuments. — Subsequently, the hieroglyphic character 

 of the phcenix is ^gy ^_> by no means rare, and continues in use until the end of hieroglyphic 

 wiit ng (Leps. d. iii. pi. 109, 226, and iv. pi. 74. See butterfly, and Horapollo i. 32, 33, and ii. 54). 



The sculptures at Amarna have been already mentioned as remarkable for the absence of the 

 Egyptian gods and the substitution of the sun's disk with rays extending downward, each terminating 

 in a hand, expressing in hieroglyphic writing a new idea, revealed religion : but Horus also "saw the 

 gods," — and a later king Amenophis desired the same privilege (Maneth ), and on each occasion the 

 Israelites are found implicated. 



The accession therefore of Oros or Horus or Hofembeb, ninth king of the Eighteenth 

 dynasty, not earlier than the last-named date. His name is next to that of Amunhotep 

 III. — in the series of kings at Abydos, Gurna, Medinet-Abu, and in Manetho's lists. 



Horemheb restored the ancient religion, demolished the temples erected by his 

 immediate predecessors and with the stones built the fourth pylon at Karnak (Birch) : 

 and figures of the Egyptian gods again make their appearance on the monuments. 



He made a successful military campaign against the Ethiopians, recorded in grottoes at Silsilis 

 (Birch) ; built additions to the temples at Luxor and in the Asasif ; his name occurs also in Nubia, 



at Gebel Addah ; and perhaps at Sedeinga or Sai, where sculptures of the time of the " Eighteenth 



and Nineteenth" dynasties were found by Lepsius eg. and sin. 19. 



" 1408 B. C. = 1st year of Yang-kia, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 



The same year (— 1368 4- "40 years " of Euseb. i. and ii.), accession of Ascatades as Assyrian 

 emperor. " Thirty-eight " years are however assigned to his reign by Syncellus. 



1407 B C. — "7th year of Horemheb," the latest date in his reign found on the monuments 

 (Leps. k. tab. p. 17, and Birch). Finely-executed statues of this king, —now in the museum at 

 Turin, are mentioned by Champollion-Figeac. 



On two stela under the " Eighteenth dynasty," a sort of secret or cypher writing was remarked 

 by De Rouge* : and in the royal tombs at Bab-el-meluk, something of the kind was noticed by Cham- 

 pollion. — the art of writing in cipher or occult characters, seems mentioned by Homer il. vi. 168 ■ 

 and is known to have been long practised in the East. 



A mummy possibly belonging to the reign of Horemheb, is mentioned by Birch : who further 

 ascertained, that the dead were already provided with funeral papyri (inscribed doubtless as in after 



