OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



!25 



Mocha, the pigment being of course imported: nut-galls are called in Egypt "afs" (possibly from 

 the Egyptian " apg " or "aphS " signifying head), and were further ascertained by Forskal mat. med. 

 to be imported " from Syria and Greece." The " kekis " is mentioned by Aeschylus ag. 934, Demos- 

 thenes 816. 20, and Dioscorides ; " gallae " by Virgil, the best according to Pliny xvi. 9 and xxiv. 5 

 brought from " Commagena," the district yielding the Aleppo galls of the present day : Q. infectoria, 

 a shrub oak, was observed by Olivier ii. pi. 14 and 15 in Asia Minor, by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 in Greece. 



M a hieroglyphic character occurring (according to Bunsen and Birch) on the walls of this tomb : 

 (beaver signifying author of his own distress Horap. ii. 61) ; " noeik " or " nSik " adulterer, also 

 unbeliever ; " p6rk " or " pork " or "ph6rk " or " phork," to pluck out. Non-conformists to estab- 

 lished religion being included, — we have an explanation of the Scriptural application of the term 

 " adulterous " to whole nations. Compare in Hebrew, " nkr " foreigner, " nkrye " strange woman, 

 and in vulgar English " nocker." 



The drug castoreum probably the means through which the beaver became known to the Egyp- 

 tians : for the living animal occurs only in the distant North : inhabiting among other countries 

 Switzerland during the Stone period, as appears from debris of the earliest villages (Riitimeyer, in 

 Troyon habit, lac. p. 442). — The " kast6r " or beaver is mentioned by Herodotus iv. 9, Nicander 

 ther. ^>s, Dioscorides ; and its product castoreum, by Lucretius, Strabo, Celsus, Pliny, Juvenal, 

 Galen, and by the Arab writers Rhazes, Avicenna, and Serapion. The importation into Egypt of 

 " castoreum, djild menaster," is enumerated by Forskal mat. med. 



1368 B. C. (= 1323 -j- "45 years " of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of Amyntas as 

 Assyrian emperor. 



Eighty-eighth generation. May 1st, 1367, mostly beyond youth: Chelubai or Caleb, son of 

 Hezron (1 Chron. ii. 9 and 18), Tahan (num. xxvi. 35, and 1 Chron. vii. 25): and among Greeks, 

 Oceanus father of Clymene (Dionys. i. p. 45). 



Jobab succeeded by " Husham of the land of Temani," now third king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 35, 

 and I Chron i. 45). 



Among moveable articles in the tomb of Seti Mienptah (discovered and opened by Belzoni) 

 were " wooden statues coated with bitumen; " the earliest instance known of the employment of this 

 material — (Birch) : its use for embalming soon became general ; quantities being imported overland 

 as is alleged from the country on the Euphrates. 



1366 B. C. (= 1417 — " 12 y. 1 mo. — 9 — 12 y. 5 mo. — 12 y. 3 mo. — 4y. 1 mo. — ■ 

 I y. 4 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = 51 y. 2 mo= " 5T years of SSthSs " in the 

 Afr.-Maneth. table, giving in another place "32 -j- 6 -f- I2 y-" = 5°)> accession of 

 ArmSses Miammou. Ramessu II., third king of the Nineteenth dynasty, corresponds 

 on the monuments : and he is placed next after Seti Mienptah in the series of kings 

 at Abydos, Gurna, — and at Medinet Abu. 



1365 H. C. = " 2d year of Ramessu II.," in an inscription at Nahr-el-Kelb in Syria — (Leps. eg. 

 and sin. 23). 



1364 B. C. = " 3d year of Ramessu II.," excavation of a well at Redisieh or Contra Pselcis — ■ 

 (Birch). 



1363 B. C. = "4th year of Ramessu II.," in a second inscription at Nahr-el-Kelb in Syria — 

 (Leps. 1. a). 



1362 B. C. = " the month Epiphi in the 5th year of Ramessu," commencement of his campaign 

 against the Khita of Syria — (Birch). 



1359 B. C. = " 8th year of Ramessu II.," capture of " Shaluma" or Jerusalem, also of " Tapura " 

 or Dabir at the foot of mount Tabor, and of " Askaluna " or Ascalon— (Birch). 



1358 B. C. = " 9th year of Ramessu II.," — in the poetical account of his campaigns called the 

 " Sallier papyrus," supposed to have been written not long after his death. (See Seti-Mienptah II., 

 and Leps. eg. and sin. 394)- 



Besides campaigns in the North, Ramessu II. extended his conquests up the Nile to Gebel 

 Barkal ; farther than any of his predecessors, and the 1 limit of all subsequent Egyptian conquests 

 (the granite rams inscribed with the name of Amunhotep III. being regarded by Lepsius as probably 

 brought "from Soleb "). At Gebel Barkal, Ramessu II. built a great temple ; evidently by Egyptian 

 workmen, — and like all monumental remains in Nubia down to the Twenty-fifth dynasty, in the 

 Egyptian style of art. Moveable articles have been found farther up the Nile : as an Egyptian statue 

 of Osiris in "black granite "'at Soba, in company with a "bronze vase" and "small Venus of Greek 

 workmanship;" but of fixed Greek inscriptions, the "most Southern" were at Gebel Barkal (Leps. 

 eg. and sin. p. 17, 162, and 189 to 222) ; and this continued the limit of Egyptian and European 

 influence throughout the Roman and Early Christian periods. 



Borassus Aethiopicus of the Upper Nile. The deleb palm is by the Negroes called " m'voomo " 



