126 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



(Grant), and seems the flabellate-leaved kind figured in a campaign of Ramessu II., in which the 

 Equatorial forest has been reached — ( . . . ): the " dileb " palm was first met with by Lepsius 

 eg. and sin. 172 in about Lat. 14° at Wad Negudi, its "slender naked stem" bearing leaves large 

 enough for one to be "set up in the boat as an umbrella," the "leaf-stalk serrated," and the round 

 fruit "larger" than that of the doum ; was observed by Grant, "plentiful in Shillook country ii° N., 

 where natives make beautiful strong white baskets and mats for the markets on the Nile," the leaves 

 also furnishing thatch, rope, sieves, fences, firewood, and flageolet reeds among more distant tribes, 

 and the boiled roots eaten in famines by the Wanyamuezi, but very few about the Equator. 



Hyphaene nov. sp. of Abyssinia. A palm called "mizanza" (Grant), and possibly the kind 

 figured : — observed by Grant in desolate valleys "21° N. " on the Nile, thirty feet high and never 

 branching, its green leaves collected to make shackles for camels; had been seen by one of his men 

 "growing in Wambweh, 8° or 9° S. Lat." 



1354 B. C. (in the ninth or tenth generation or about " 283 years " before the fall of Troy, Clint, 

 i. p. 73 and SS), Pelasgus establishing himself as king in Arcadia, the central mountainous portion 

 of the Peloponnesus. 



Qacrcits esculus of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. An oak called in Italy 

 "rovero" or " querce esculo " (Lenz), in Greece "agria velanithia" (Fraas), in which we recognise 

 the "phegos" whose acorns found edible by Pelasgus were the only kind permitted by him to the 

 Arcadians — (Paus. viii. 2. 6), the oracular tree at Dodona according to a Hesiodic poem (quoted 

 by Sophocles trach. 1167. and Strabo vii. 7. 10), and another solitary tree on the tomb of Ilus outside 

 the walls of Troy (Homer il. vi. 237 to xxiv. 349, and Theophrastus iv. 13) : the "phegos " is described 

 as having " stroggulas " rounded acorns by Theophrastus iii. 10, and as a kind of oak by Dioscorides : 

 O. esculus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in Greece and Asia Minor as far as Constantinople. 

 Westward, the " esculos " sacred to Jove is mentioned by Horace, Virgil, Vitruvius, and Ovid, by 

 Pliny xvi. 5 to xvii. 34 as cultivated and bearing esculent acorns : O. esculus is described by Dale- 

 champ pi. 5 ; is termed " q. parva sive phagus Graecorum et esculus Plinii " by Tournefort inst. 583 ; 

 was observed by Lenz in Italy, its acorns according to Daubeny "so sweet as to be much eaten by 

 the peasantry" in Tuscany ; and is known to occur in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 



" 1352 B. C. = 1st year of Siao-y, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 

 " In the reign of Phorbas " (Tat., and Clem. Alex., see also Strab. ix. 1. 18), Actaios governing 

 the district of '' Aktaia," so-called after his own name ; — but in later times, known as Attica. 



Sambnais nigra of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain elder, in Piers Plowman 

 "eller," in Anglo-Saxon "ellen" or " ellarn " from its hollow branches used to blow a fire (Prior), 

 in France " sureau " (Nugent), in Germany '• holunder," in Italy "sambuco "or " s montano " (Lenz), 

 in Greece " kouphoxulia " (Sibth.) : the " akt£a " or " akte," named from Akte on the Gulf of Argolis 

 — (see Strab. ix. 1. 1), mentioned also by Euryphon 2 morb. 19, Theophrastus i. 7 to iv. 4, by Dios- 

 corides as arborescent with reedlike hollow branches and juicy purplish-black fruit, is referred here 

 bv writers : S. nigra was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in Greece, but chiefly or altogether in 

 the vicinity of dwellings; is enumerated by Clot-Bey as long known in the gardens of Egypt. West- 

 ward, the " emfron " kind or " thSnthron arktou " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " seva " of the 

 Dacians, "skovien " of the Gauls, and " samvoukoum" of the Romans : the " sambucus " is described 

 by Pliny xvi. 71 and xvii. 34 as both wild and cultivated, having "abundant pith " and "small black 

 edible" berries ; seeds of S. nigra occur in debris of the earliest villages of Switzerland (Troyon p. 

 465) ; the living tree was observed by Lenz in wild situations in Italy ; and is known to occur around 

 dwellings as far as Sweden (Linn., Wahl , and A. Dec). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow 

 about Caucasus, and throughout Siberia as far as Japan (Pers., and Lindl.). " The inspissated juice 

 of the fruit" and "the inner bark" according to Lindley are used medicinally ; and the flowers " in 

 French pharmacy are commonly employed as expectorants." 



1346 B. C. = " 21st year of Ramessu II.," treaty at the fortress of Pa-ramessu — (Birch). 

 Temples and other structures by Ramessu II. occur throughout Nubia and Egypt; are more 

 numerous than those of any other king; and historical documents of great importance, as the Abydos 

 series of successive kings, have been preserved by being inscribed on the walls. His name is often 

 accompanied by his portrait, which is sufficiently striking to be at once recognized : of these por- 

 traits, the finest I have seen is one in polished sienite — (now in the possession of Francis C. Lowell 

 of Boston). 



Amid the costliness and imposing dimensions of the structures by Ramessu II. there is yet 

 manifest a falling off in taste, a Decline of the arts; — strikingly parallel to that in a later period 

 of history, under the Romans 



1344 B. C. = "23d year of Ramessu II.," peace concluded between him and the Khita — 

 (Marictte 88). 



The " new king over Egypt which knew not Joseph," alarmed at the fncreasing number of Israel- 



