OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1 27 



ites, lest " when there falleth out any war they join also unto our enemies,'' employed them under 

 "taskmasters" in building, and from the name, " Raamses " one of the "treasure cities" (Ex. i. 7 

 to 11) could hardly have been earlier than Ramessu II. : ovals of Ramessu II. are cut in a block of 

 granite at Abu Kesheb on the ancient Red Sea canal and this is regarded by Lepsius (eg. and sin. 

 438) as the site of " Raamses." The " Patoumos " described as an Arabian town by Herodotus, 

 and called "Thoum " in the Itinerarium Antonini, is not far distant on the same canal, and is regarded 

 by Lepsius as the " Pithom " of the Israelites. 



The art of levelling having been long practised in Egypt, the canal in question was carried by 

 Ramessu II. from Bubastis to Heroonpolis — (Leps. p. 445). In B. C. "600," the canal appears 

 to have been extended by Nekau II. as far as the Bitter Lakes; in "500," was carried to the Red 

 Sea and the connexion completed by Darius ; whose name and statue occur with cuneiform inscrip- 

 tions .in Persian ruins near Suez ; but the canal was narrow, not intended for large ships, and in 

 " 350," in the days of Aristotle, appears to have fallen into disuse : in " 250," a wide canal was carried 

 by Ptolemy II. Philadelphus from the Bitter Lakes to the Red Sea, where he founded the city of 

 Arsinoe : in " 100 A. D.," a new canal was opened by Trajan from Babylon on the Nile to Heroonpolis : 

 in "643 " to "644," the connexion was re-opened by khalif Omar : and in " 762 to 767," on the occa- 

 sion of the revolt of Mohammed ben Abdallah at Medina, the canal was filled by khalif El Mansur. 



1336 B. C. (= 1371 — " 35 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Pausan. . . . ), in the 

 Peloponnesus, Phorbas succeeded by his son Triopas, of the " seventh generation from Inachus " 

 (Clem. Alex.) and now seventh Argive king. 



Contemporary with Triopas (Paus. iv. I, and Clint, i. p. 33, see also Homer il. k 429 and tp 86), 

 Lelex ruling a district in the Peloponnesus named after him Lelegia — (but in later times Laconia). 

 Besides Aones, Temmices, and Hyantes, Leleges are enumerated as original inhabitants of Boeotia 

 (by Strabo ix. p. 401) ; and holding the islands as far as the coast of Asia Minor, are identified with 

 the Carians (by Herodotus i. 171), and with the fabulous centaurs (by Suidas, and schol. Pind. 

 pyth. ii. 78). 



Eighty-ninth generation Sept. 1st, 1334, mostly beyond youth : Paapios father of the Egyptian 

 prophet Amenophis (Maneth. in Jos. c. A.): Laadan (1 Chron. vii. 26), Gilead (Num xxvi. 29, Josh, 

 xvii. 3, and I Chron. vii. 17), Hur the firstborn of Ephratah (Ex. xxxi. to xxxviii., and 1 Chron. ii. 19 

 and iv. 4) : and among Greeks, Agenor son of Triopas (Hellan , and Pausan. ii. 16. 1). 



Husham succeeded by Hadad, son of Bedad and now fourth king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 35, and 

 I Chron. i. 46). 



" 1325 B. C." (argum. Chi-King iv. 5. 5), beginning of the reign of Kao-tsong of the Chang.* 



" 1324 B. C. = 1st year of Wou-ting II., of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 



" In the reign of Triopas " (Hes. theogon. 507, Dionys. i. p. 45, Tat., and Clem. Alex.), the three 

 brothers Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Atlas, living. The date is important, Prometheus and Clymene 

 being the parents of Deucalion. # 



Ferula communis of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "ferula" (Lenz), in 

 Greece " kalami " (Fraas) or " anartkekas " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the " nartheca " or " fe- 

 rula " employed to preserve fire struck from the rock; an art taught by Prometheus, — and continuing 

 in Egypt in the days of Pliny vii. 57 and xiii. 43, who further speaks of staffs made of the stem : 

 the " narthex " is mentioned by Aeschylus prom., 109, Euripides bacch. 695, Xenophon cyr. ii. 3. 7, and 

 Theophrastus i. 9 ; its medicinal uses, by Dioscorides ; and F. communis was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Fraas, from Attica to Cyprus. Westward, the "ferula" is enumerated by Pliny as foreign to 

 Italy; F. communis, described by Dodoens pi. 321, was observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy, 

 and by Desfontaines i. p. 251 in Barbary. 



Clematis cirrhosa of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " hSlithronaki " (Fraas) ; 

 and the "athragSnes" whose wood was preferred for rubbing fire, with a laurel borer, — further de- 

 scribed by Theophrastus v. 9. 6 and ign. 64 as a woody vine climbing around trees, is referred here by 

 writers : C. cirrhosa was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in Attica, and by Bory on Milo. 



* Pinus Massoniana of China. The "pin" cut for building purposes on the King mountain 

 according to the ode to Kao-tsong, — furnishing planks for ships according to an ode to the queen 

 of Hui (Chi-King i. 5. 5 to iv. 5. 5). growing according to the Chou-King in the province of Tsing 

 (Gaubil), may be compared: P. Massoniana, having very long geminate leaves, was received by 

 Lambert pi. 12 from China (Pers.). 



Cupressus Japonica of Japan. The " cypres " also cut for building purposes on the King moun- 

 tain according to the ode to Kao-tsong — (Chi-King iv. 5. 5), growing in the province of King accord- 

 ing to the Chou-King ii. I. 13, not shedding its leaves in winter according to Confucius lun-yu ix. 27, 

 and unknown in Cambodia when visited by a Chinese official in A. D. 1296, may be compared : C. 

 Japonica, "arbor altissima" very lofty, was observed by Thunberg 265 in Japan (Pers.). 



