134 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



A trade-route from the Po along the Rhine to the Baltic implies the existence of population more 

 or less scattered ; and the following fruits, seeds, and roots, growing wild and affording sustenance, 

 occur in debris of the earliest lake-villages of Switzerland (Heer and Troyon 445 to 465) : beech-nuts, 

 Fagus sylvatica ; filberts, Corylus avellana ; wild apples ; bird cherries, Cerasus padus ; blackberries, 

 Rubus fruticosus ; elder berries, Sambucus nigra ; yew berries, Taxus baccata ; and 



Primus spinosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A rigid spinescent bush called in 

 Britain blackthorn or sloe, in Lancashire " slaigh " or " sleawgh," in Old English " sle," in Anglo-Saxon 

 " sla- " or " slag- " or " slah-thorn," in Danish " slaaen," in Swedish " sla," in Dutch " slee," in Ger- 

 man "schlehe," words connected with slaying or striking (Prior), in France "prunellier" (Nugent), 

 in Italy "prugnolo" or "susino selvatico " (Lenz), in Greece " tzapournia " or "mamousia" (Sibth.); 

 and its fruit found in debris of the earliest lake-villages of Switzerland — (Heer) : the " spothias '' as 

 if an " agria kokkumelea " is mentioned by Theophrastus' iii. 6. 4, Dioscorides i. 174, and Athenaeus 

 ii. . . ; the " prunus silvestris " by Columella ii. 2. 20, " silvestrium- prunorum baccae " by Pliny xv. 

 13 and xxiii. 68, and the "spinifera prunus" by Palladius xiv. 81 P. spinosa is termed "p. sylves- 

 tris " by Tournefort inst. 623 ; is known to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Brit- 

 ain (Pers., Engl. bot. pi. 842, and Lenz) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in thickets 

 in Greece and hedges around Constantinople ; and farther East, was observed by Thunberg in Japan. 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America. " road-sides and waste places, E. New 

 England, Penn., etc." (Pursh, and A. Gray). The juice according to Lindley "is a substitute for 

 catechu," and " is said to be used in factitious or adulterated Port wine." 



Rubus Idaeus of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain raspberry, in France "fram- 

 boise" (Nugent), in Germany " himbeere " (Grieb), in Italy "lampone" or " lampione " or "ampo- 

 melle " (Lenz), in Greece " emeVa vata " (Fraas) ; and its fruit found in debris of the same lake- villages 

 — (Heer) : the "vatos orthophues " of Theophrastus iii. 18. 4, and "vatos ithaia" abounding according 

 to Dioscorides on mount Ida, are referred here by writers ; the ''idaeus rubus" seeming known to 

 Pliny xvi. 71 and xxiv. 75 chiefly from Dioscorides : R. Idaeus was cultivated in middle Europe in the 

 medieval period (A. Dec.) ; is described by Ruellius, and Turner ; is termed in its wild state " r. idaeus 

 spinosus " by Tournefort inst. 614; is known to grow wild from the mountains of Northern Italy to 

 Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 788, Pers., Wats., and Lenz) ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 

 on high mountains from the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus ; by Forskal, in the gardens of 

 Constantinople ; is known to grow on the subalpine portion of Caucasus (Bieb.) ; and farther East, 

 was observed by Thunberg in Japan and called " itsingo.'' By European colonists, was carried to 

 Northeast America, where in our Northern and Middle States it continues sparingly cultivated. 



Cornus sanguined of Europe and Northern Asia. A shrub called in Britain cornel or dogwood 

 (Prior), in Germany " rother hartriegel," in Italy ''verga sanguigna" or " sanguinello " (Lenz), in 

 Greece " maurovergia '' ( Sibth.) ; its berries found in debris of the same lake-villages — (Heer) : the 

 " thelukran£ia" of Theophrastus i 8. 2 to iii. 12. 1, and " femina cornus " and " sanguinei frutices " 

 of Pliny xvi. 30 to 43, are referred here by writers : C. sanguinea is termed " c. fcemina " by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 641 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy; is known to grow throughout middle Europe 

 as far as Sweden (Engl, bot- pi. 249, and Wats.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the 

 Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus ; and according to Clot-Bey and Figari has been recently 

 introduced into the gardens of Egypt. Eastward, is known to grow throughout Siberia (Pers., Dec, 

 and Wats.) ; and was observed by Thunberg in Japan. 



Betula alba of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain birch, in Anglo-Saxon " birce " or 

 "byre " or " beorc," in Icelandic and Swedish "biork," in Danish " birk," in Dutch " berke," in Low 

 German "barke," in Old High German " piricha," in Russian " bereza," names giving rise to the 

 Latin "barca" and English "bark" in its double signification of tree-rind and vessel, birch-bark 

 being used for boat-building to the present day in Northern Europe (Prior), in France " bouleau " 

 (Nugent), in Italy "bedollo" or "betula" (Lenz). Furnishing some of the piles or posts on which 

 the earliest lake-villages of Switzerland were built (Troyon p. 16) ; buried also in the submarine 

 forests along the coast of France and Britain, and in peat-bogs on the Faroe Islands — where it no 

 longer grows (Beudant, and Martins) : the "betulla" is described by Pliny xvi. 30 as growing in 

 Gaul, a tree of cold climates and marvellous whiteness, " terribilis magistratuum virgis : " B. alba 

 was observed by Lenz on the mountains of North Italy, is known to grow on Etna and throughout 

 middle and Northern Europe as far as Lat. 70 40' in Lapland, and in rare instances in Interior Ice- 

 land (Wats., and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt ; is known 

 to grow on Caucasus, and from Lat. 37 on the East side of the Caspian to the Altaian mountains, 

 Lat. 68° on the Jenisei, 58 in Kamtschatka, Daouria (Wats.), and Japan (Thunb.). 



The remaining piles or posts are mostly of " pommier sauvage," Mains sylvestrisj " chene " or 

 oak, Quercus robur ; " hitre " or beech, Fagus sylvatica ; " ormeau " or young elm; and " sapin," Abies 

 excelsa — (Troyon p. 16 to 40). 



