138 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



end " tumido cucurbita ventre," by Pliny xix. 24 as used to hold water as well as wine and sometimes 

 " novem pedum Iongitudinis " nine feet long : " calabazas " are enumerated by Herrara in 15 13 as culti- 

 vated in Spain ; L. vulgaris is described by Ruellius, Brunfels iii. 189, and Lobel ; was observed by 

 Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, by Bory under cultivation in several varieties in the Pelopon- 

 nesus, and by myself its cooked fruit in Mediterranean steamships. Southward from Egypt, was 

 observed by Forskal under cultivation in Yemen; by myself, at Muscat, and ascertained at Zanzibar 

 to be cultivated by Negro tribes as far inland as N'Yasa lake. Eastward, is mentioned in the Insti- 

 tutes of Manu (transl. Deslongch.) ; is called in Sanscrit " ulava " or " ulavoo " (Roxb., and Pidd.), 

 in Bengalee " lau " or " kadu," in Hindustanee " petha " or " kumdha " or " lauki " or " kadu " (D'roz.), 

 in the environs of Bombay " hurrea kuddoo " the fruit "of great importance to the natives as an 

 article of food " (Graham) ; was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 1 in Malabar, cultivated and growing 

 spontaneously ; and a bitter kind called in Sanscrit " kutoo-toombee," growing in the humid forest 

 near Deyra Doon in Eastern Hindustan, is regarded as indigenous by Roxburgh, and Royle him. p. 

 218. Farther East, was observed by Mason " exotic " in Burmah and called " boo-hsen-sway ; " by 

 Loureiro p. 728 in Cochinchina ; by Van Braam in China (A. Dec.) ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, 

 in Japan and called "feo" or usually " nari finango ;" by Blanco on the Philippines, and called in 

 Tagalo "tabayag" and one variety " opo ; " by Rumphius v. pi. 144 under cultivation on the Moluc- 

 cas ; by myself, from the Malayan archipelago to New Zealand and throughout the Feejeean, Tongan, 

 Taheitian, and Hawaiian islands, aboriginally introduced and cultivated ; but the variety with giant 

 fruit, the shell substituted for casks and trunks, confined to the last-named locality. Eastward from 

 the Polynesian Groups, a peculiar variety with small yellow depressed fruit was observed by myself 

 in debris of the Ancient Peruvian cemetery at Pachicamac, also recent in the Lima market ; L. vul- 

 garis was already in the West Indies when first visited by Columbus (F. Columb. 24), and "cala- 

 bazas" of all the forms known in Spain were cultivated in the West Indies and Nicaragua in the days 

 of Oviedo nat. hyst. 80 and gen. hist. vii. 8. 



1248 B. C. (= 1281 — "33 yrs." of Diodorus i. 58), end of the reign of Ramessu III. He 

 appears to have been the "king of Egvpt" who "sought to slay Moses" — (ex. ii. 15 and 23 to iv. 19). 



Armais the expelled brother was called by the Greeks Danaus, and Egypt derived its name from" 

 Ramesses (Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 15, meaning of course its Oriental name " Mussera"). Confir- 

 mation is found in Gen. xlvii. 11, and in the Greek traditionary account of the hero Aiguptos. 

 RamSsses therefore limits the antiquity of the Mizraim of the Hebrews, and Ermes or Hermes of 

 the Greeks. 



Allium Dioscoridis of the East Mediterranean countries. The " m61u " with milk-white flowers 

 and black root indicated by Ermes for protection against enchantments — (Horn. od. a. 305, and Plin. 

 xxv. S), described by Theophrastus ix. 15. 7 as growing about Pheneum and Cyllene with scilla-like 

 leaves and a round onion-like root, by Dioscorides as having grass-like leaves spreading on the 

 ground from a small bulbous root and a slender stem four cubits high and garlic-like at the summit, 

 is referred here by Sibthorp : A. Dioscoridis was observed by him in shaded bushy places from Mysia 

 in Asia Minor to Cyprus, its stem sometimes three to four cubits high, flowers white somewhat re- 

 sembling those of Peganum harmala, in accordance with the statement of Dioscorides iii. 46, but 

 there are no specimens for verification. 



Peganum harmala of the Desert and its Northern border from the Atlantic to Hindustan. 

 Called in Greece " vrdmosouSrkos " (Fraas) or " vromohortaro," or by the Turks " vserlich," in 

 Egypt "ghalget ed dib " or " harmal " (Forsk.), in which we recognize the "armala" identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the "gpnouvou " of the Egyptians, " vesasa '' of the Syrians, " m61u " of the Cap- 

 padocians and Galatians, — and "peganon agrion " having according to Dioscorides many stems from 

 one root, strong-scented leaves, and white flowers : the " vesasa " according to Galen comp. med. loc. 

 ix. p. 257 is seed of the "agriou peganou " growing in Syria and called there "armala:" P. harmala 

 was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the Desert from Alexandria as far as Cairo, and Belon 

 found its seeds used continually by the Arabs as a .safeguard against evil Spirits ; was observed by 

 Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Crete and the Peloponnesus as far as Tenedos. 

 Westward, the "peganon agrion" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "hourma" of the Numidians- 

 P. harmala is termed "harmala" by Tournefort inst. 257; is known to grow in Italy, Sardinia 

 Algeria, and Spain (Pers , and A. Dec). Eastward from Syria, is known to grow around the 

 Caspian, and from the Crimea to the Ural mountains near Lat. 51 , and the Alatau mountains in 

 Tartary (Ledeb.) ; to Northern Hindustan (Royle), and within the Tropics "in considerable 

 abundance on the ruins of Beejapoor," regarded by Graham as possibly " introduced by the 

 Muselmen ?" 



Afercurialis annua of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain French irurairv in Ger- 

 many " bingelkraut " or "kuwartz," in Old French "cagarelle " (A. Dec), in Italy "mercorella" or 



