140 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



the wall of Taaes in Yemen, and abounding in the district around Hammam Faraun in the Sinai 

 peninsula ; by him, and Delile, at Alexandria in Egypt ; and by Hasselquist, at Jerusalem. North- 

 ward and Westward, the " kapparis " is mentioned by Antiphanes, Aristophon, Zeno the Stoic, Ti- 

 mocles, Demetrius, Clearchus Solensis, Dioscorides, and Athenaeus ; the "capparis," by Plautus, 

 Pliny, and Martial: C. spinosa is described by Lobel pi. 635 ; is termed "c. s. fructu minore folio 

 rotundo" by Tournefort inst. 261 ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent 

 from Rhodes and Tenedos to the Peloponnesus ; by Lenz, seemingly wild in Italy ; by myself, con- 

 spicuously projecting from crevices in walls of buildings on Malta; by Forskal, on Malta, and in 

 arid situations around Marseilles ; by Desfontaines i. 404, in Barbary ; is known to occur also in 

 Sicily and Spain, is besides cultivated (Pers.), and its berry-like flower-buds largely exported have 

 become generally known as a condiment. (See Satureja Juliana). 



Centaurea cahitrapa of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain caltrops, in Anglo-Saxon 

 " coltraeppe," in the romance of K. Alisander "calkelrappen," in medieval Latin " calcitrapa " (Prior), 

 in Greece " kala anthe " (Sibth.) or "katrinaggatho," in Egypt " schok " or " morreyr " (Forsk., and 

 Del.), in which we recognize the " mrrym " eaten in the night appointed for the Passover, — further 

 met with Moses ex. xii. 8 and num. ix. it in the Sinai peninsula on the anniversary of the Passover 

 (translated " trivolos " by Hermas iii. 9. 20 and the "trivolos phullakanthos " of Theophrastus vi. 5. 

 3 seems to correspond) ; associated with wormwood in Lam. iii. 15 : leaves and young stems of C. 

 calcitrapa were found by Forskal p. 152 eaten crude in Egypt, the plant abounding there, as observed 

 also by Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself. Northward and Westward, C. calcitrapa is described by Co- 

 lumna phyt. pi. 24; is termed "carduus stellatus sive calcitrapa" by Tournefort inst. 440; was ob- 

 served by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ; by 

 Forskal, on Malta and around Marseilles ; and is known to occur along waysides and in cultivated 

 ground as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 125. Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European colonists, was 

 carried to Madeira (Lindl.) ; to Northeast America, where it continues in Carolina and Eastern Vir- 

 ginia springing up spontaneously (A. Gray, and Chapm ). The plant according to Lindley "has been 

 used as a febrifuge, and has even been preferred to gentian." 



Picris hio'tuioides of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "hJirovotan6n " (Sibth), 

 in Egypt "murreyr" (Del), and possibly the plant in question, "mrrym" — being translated '■ pik- 

 rithSs " in the Septuagirit : P. hieraciodes is termed " hieracium aegyptium gigas " by Lippi, as seen 

 by him in Egypt; was observed by Forskal, and Delile (Steud.), on the margin of cultivated land 

 about Cairo, and was received from Egypt by Vaillant act. paris. for 1721. Northward and West- 

 ward, is termed "hieracium asperum majori flore in limitibus agrorum " by Tournefort inst. 469 ; was 

 observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the Dardanelles to Athens and Zacynthus ; and is known to 

 occur, always as above-indicated on the margin of cultivated ground, as far as France and Britain 

 (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 196 ; see Helminthia echioides). 



1240, April (ex. ix. 31, xii. 1 to 12, and xiii. 4 ; see Introd. p. . . . , the moon's place remaining un- 

 ascertained), after the revelation of the name "Jehovah," Exodus of the Israelites (see Ramessu VI.). 



The eleventh Egyptian month being now made the first Hebrew month, a year of ten months 

 was established: as is further shown, by the "30 years " of Ex. xii. 40 corresponding to the " 100 — 

 75 years " of Gen. xii. 4, xv. 13, and xxi. 5 (30 X 10 H- 12 = 25) ; by the Hebrew generation of "40 

 years " (X 10 -r- 12) equalling the Greek generation of " 33^ ; " by the use among the early Romans 

 of a calendar year of "ten months ; '' and by usage among the Jews to the present clay. In further 

 confirmation that Moses was the author of the calendar year of ten lunations ; — the new moons were 

 observed by the Israelites ( . . . . Num. ix. 5) ; and such a calendar continues in use on the 

 Tarawan or Kingsmill Islands (see Hale ethn. Expl. Ex.). Both modes of reckoning were in use in 

 the time of Clemens Alexandrinus, who gives the interval between the Exodus and Solomon as by 

 some estimated " 595," and by others " 576 years " (X 10 -=- 12 = " 480 " of 1 K. vi. 1, and " 595 " 

 years of ten lunations = 481 y. 2i|| d. In Gen. vii. 11 to viii. 13, there is a reckoning in ten Egyp- 

 tian months of thirty days each : " 17th of Seventh month " — " 17th of Second month " = 5 months 

 = " 150 days," and " 10th " X 3° + " 4° + 7 + 7 " = 354 days = lunar year). 



Wearing an inscribed sentence " twtphwd " bound on the forehead and around the wrist enjoined 

 by Moses ex. xiii. 9 to 16: — phylacteries " phulakteria " are mentioned in Matthew xxiii. 5. In- 

 stead of writings " grammata," the Egyptians of the time of Horapollo i. 24 protected themselves 

 against demons by the representation of two human heads (see amulet). 



The reality of the sojourn of the Israelites in Egypt is proved by some of them bearing the 

 name of Egyptian kings : as Amminadab (from Amunhotep, in Greek Am£n8phis) ; Hur (from Ho- 

 remheb, in Greek Oros) ; and Ram (from Ramessu, in Greek RamSsses). Moses is mentioned by 

 Manetho ; and among Greek writers, yet earlier by Hellanicus ; also by Philochorus, Polemon the 

 archaeologist, Castor, and Ptolemaeus of Mendes (see Just. Mart, ad Graec. p. 10, and Cyrill. a Jul. 

 i. p. 15). 



