144 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



The "shld" entering into the composition of the enjoined perfume — is referred by Gesenius 

 to blatta byzantina also called unguis, odoratus, and valued on account of the fragrant odour given 

 out in burning : the " onux " is described by Dioscorides as the operculum of a shell resembling the 

 purpura-shell, and inhabiting the marshes or pools of Hindustan ; the " ostracium '' by some called 

 "onychem," is mentioned by Pliny xxxii. 46; unguis odoratus, by Arab writers cited by Bochart, 

 and under the name of " dofr el affrit" was found by Forskal mat. med. imported into Suez from 

 Mocha. Eastward, the "nakhi" meaning nail, is enumerated among perfumes in the Amera Cosha. 

 and is sold under that name in the bazars of Bengal (Wils.) ; under the Arabic name " azfar-al-teeb " 

 may everywhere be obtained in Northern Hindustan, and is further described by Royle antiq. hind, 

 med. p. 95 as the operculum of Strombus lentigiiwsus, but he "was unable to ascertain whence it 

 was brought : " the operculum however «• is less fragrant than that of Pleurotoma Babylonia or PL 

 TrapeziiP 



The "shphn" whose flesh is prohibited by Moses lev. xi. 5, — finding refuge among rocks 

 (Psalm civ. iS), and translated " hoirogrullios " in the Septuagint, is admitted to be Hyrax Syriacus : 

 the " hoirogrullious " is described by Hieronymus ii 65S as an animal resembling a mouse and bear 

 and hence called " arkomus " in Palestine, where it abounds, dwelling in caves among rocks and holes 

 in the ground. 



1239 B. C. On the first day of "the first month in the second year " after leaving Egypt, "the 

 tabernacle was reared up " (Ex. xl. 17). 



I'itex agnus-castus of Subtropical Arabia and Persia. Called in English gardens chaste-tree 

 or hemp-tree or Abraham 's balm (Ainsw.), in Italy "agno casto " (Lenz), in Greece "agngia" or 

 "lugaria" (Sibth.), in Egypt "kaf maryam " Mary's hand (Del.), in Egyptian " tshets " or " tshen- 

 tshits" (transl. Sept.) or "soum." by the prophets "sSmnon" or "aimaiv68s" (Syn. Diosc.); and 

 the "orby" whose boughs are enjoined by Moses lev. xxiii. 40 to be brought during the Feast of 

 tabernacles, — mentioned also in connexion with brooks in Isaiah xv. 7 and xliv. 4, Job xl. 22, and as 

 growing "by the rivers of Babylon" in Psalm cxxxvii. 2, is referred here by the Septuagint: the 

 Hebrew name according to Gesenius implying whitish leaves: the " kaf maryam " is mentioned by 

 Ebn Baitar ; and V. agnus-castus was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens 

 of Egypt. Farther North, the " lugos " of Homer il. xi. 105, od. x. 166, Nicander ther. 65, and 

 others, is identified by Dioscorides with the "agnos" strewn by women in religious ceremonies; 

 mendoned also by Theophrastus, Nicander, Galen, and Paulus Aegineta : A*, agnus-c.istus is known 

 to abound along the water-courses of Syria and Greece, arborescent, sometimes twenty-five feet high, 

 its trunk eight inches in diameter (Forsk., Sibth., Chaubard, and Fraas). Westward, the "agnos" 

 or "agonon" or " amiktomiainSn " or " tridaktulon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " salix 

 marina" or "piper agrJste " or "lfikristikoum " of the Romans; by Pliny xxiv. 3S, wilh the "vitex" 

 growing in Italy: V agnus-castus was observed I 'y Lenz wild in Italy, is known 1o grow also in 

 Sicily (Pers.) and Southern France (Lam. fl. fr.). Eastward from Syria, has a Persian name " band- 

 schankascht" (Avicenn., and Ebn Baitar), and is therefore known in Persia; but the plant belongs 

 to a Tropical genus, and may only be exceeding its natural limits in extending into the Mediterranean 

 countries. Its berries according to Lindley are "acrid," and the powdered seeds were found by 

 Forskal at Smyrna applied externally against colic. 



On "the fourteenth day of the first month" the passover was kept (Num. ix. 5) ; terms implying, 

 a reckoning of lunations in a regularly-formed calendar. 



" On the first " day " of the second month, in the second year after they were come out of the 

 land of Egypt" (Num. i. 1 to 18), the Tribes numbered. " On the twentieth of the second month" 

 (Num. x. 11 to 33), departure of the Israelites from Sinai through the Desert for Paran. 



Allium ampeleprasum of the Mediterranean countries. Its cultivated form is called in Britain 

 leek, in Anglo-Saxon " por-leac," in Holland "look," in Germany " lauch '' (Prior), in France "poi- 

 reau" or " porreau " (Nugent), in Italy " porro " or "porretta" (Lenz), in Greece "ta prasa " (Fraas), 

 in Egypt " korrat " (Forsk ), in Egyptian " £she" " or " eshe " (ms. Borg.) or " eji " (Kirch , and transl. 

 Sept.) ; the " htsyr " of Egypt longed for by the Israelites and mixt multitude ex xi. 5 — is referred by 

 the Septuagint to the "prasa;" but the "htsyr" of Psalm civ. 14, Job viii. 12 and xl. 15, is admitted 

 to be grass : the cultivation of the " porrum " in Egypt is mentioned by Pliny xix. 33 ; the " kurrath," 

 by Ebn Baitar ; and the leek was observed under cultivation in Egypt by Forskal, Delile, and Clot- 

 Bey. Farther North, the term " prasiai " is used by Homer od. vii. 127, "prasios" green by Plato, 

 "prasies hloSron prason" by Nicander ther. 879 ; the "prason" is mentioned in the Batrachomyo- 

 machia, also by Chionides, Theophrastus, Athenaeus ix. 13 ; and is identified by Diphilus, and Dios- 

 corides, with the "kephalotbn" of Epicharmus, and Polemon : the leek was observed by Chaubard, 

 and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece. Westward, the "prason" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 

 the "porroum" of the Romans ; the "porrum" is mentioned by Horace, Columella, and the "capitato" 

 kind is distinguished by Pliny xx. 22 : the leek is figured by Blackwell pi. 421, is known to be culti- 



