OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 147 



" 1225 B. C. = rst year of Lin-sin, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 

 In the time of the Chang" (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 472), arrival in China of Youe-yeou of 

 the East, having the hair cut short and the body tattooed {Malayans) "bringing boxes of fish skins, 

 bucklers and short swords ; and from the South, pearls, tortoise-shell, elephants' teeth, peacocks' feath- 

 ers, birds, and small dogs." 



The "peacocks' feathers " may have come from Burmah ; where the bird in its wild state was 

 observed by Mason, being not exclusively confined to Hindustan. — The peacock (according to Stev- 

 enson) is mentioned in the Sama Veda : a doubtful figure was observed by myself in the Budhist 

 cave-temples at Adjunta ; but distinct figures, in Braminical cave-temples at Ellora. Westward, 

 "twkyym " peacocks were brought up the Red Sea in Solomon's ships (1 K. x. 22, and 2 Chron. ix! 

 21); and among the Greeks, the" ta6s" peacock is mentioned by Eupolis, Aristophanes, Strattis, 

 Anaxilaus, Menodotus, and Athenaeus. 



The "pearls" may have come from the coral-bound shores of the East Indies and Burmah, or 

 possibly from Ceylon, — long celebrated for its pearl-fishery. The discovery of pearls "margariten 

 the ton thalassion," was attributed by some among the Indians to Hercules ; the shell containing 

 them, or the pearl-oyster, is further described by Megasthenes ; and Arrian ind. 8 states, that pearls 

 imported from India were formerly in great request among the wealthier Greeks, as in his own day 

 among the Romans. 



The " tortoise-shell" was probably really from the South, from among the East India islands. 

 Tortoise-shell from the Indian Ocean, may at this time have been brought up the Red Sea to the 

 Mediterranean countries, — but I am not aware of any direct evidence. " Dorsa testudinum " were 

 brought to Alexander on the Lower Indus (Q Curt. ix. 25) ; the art of splitting tortoise-shell was 

 first taught by Carvilius Pollio (Plin. ix. 13) ; and I found tortoise-shell a well known article of com- 

 merce at Mocha. 



The Philippines known therefore to the Chinese probably at this date* 



Subsequent to the "parousia " arrival of Danaus, and before the accession of Lynceus (Tat, and 

 Clem. Alex.), recovery and return of Europa daughter of Phoenix. She became the wife of Aste- 

 rion ruler of Crete (Horn. il. xiv. 321, Apollod. iii. 1. 2, and Paus. vii. 4. 1). 



1222 B. C. (= 1 181 -)- "41 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Apollod., and Pausan. 

 x. 35. 1), Danaus succeeded by Lynceus, husband of his daughter Hypermnestra, and now twelfth 

 king of Argos. Minerva's temple at Lindus in Rhodes, attributed to the daughters of Danaus,— 

 continued extant in the days of Herodotus, Callimachus, Apollodorus, Diodorus, and Strabo xiv. 2. 11. 



Xanthium strumarium of Northern climates. Called in Britain bur-weed or ditch-btir, by Tur- 

 ner "dyche-bur" trom growing on dykes (Prior), in France "lampourde glouteron " (Fe"e), in Ger- 

 many " spitzklette," in Italy "sanzio" or "lappolone" or " lappola minore " or " bardana minore " 

 (Lenz), in Greece "eme'ra kolletzatha" (Fraas), in Egypt "kharaq el-bahr" (Del.), in Yemen " mandj 

 el ma" or "kavar el abid" (Forsk.) : the "argemon" herb healing swine, and said to have been dis- 

 covered by Minerva, — is identified by Pliny xxiv. 116 to xxv. 15 with the " canaria lappa ; " and the 

 ' lappam " of the Romans by Syn. Diosc. with the " xanthion : " the " xanthion " is described by Dio- 

 scorides as growing in fertile soil and dried-up pools, a cubit high with an angular fleshy stem, " atra- 

 phaxSi "-like leaves having the odour of "karthamo," fruit like a large olive, prickly and adhering to 

 garments, and made into a plaster against swellings ; is identified in the added Synonyms with the 

 " hoiratholSthron " by some called " aparinen ; " is mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta : X. 

 strumarium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to the 

 Peloponnesus ; and farther South, by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, by myself along the river-bank ; 

 and by Forskal, among the mountains of Yemen. Westward, is described by Lobel, Gerarde, and 

 Parkinson; is termed "xanthium" by Tournefort inst. 439 and plant, par. ii. p 124, who- found 

 scrofula dispersed by its leaves (Spreng.) ; was observed by Lenz seemingly wild throughout Italy ; 

 and is known to occur as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 970, and A. Dec). Farther West, is known to 

 occur on the Azores Islands (Wats.) ; was observed by myself along the seashore of New England 



* Juslicia {Graptophyllum) pictum of the Malayan archipelago. A garden shrub called in 

 Malabar " tjude-marum " (Rheede), in Burmah " gnwas-ban " or the sanguineous-leaved variety " sa- 

 lat-nee " (Mason), in Tagalo "balasbas'' or from its variegated leaves "moradong maputi " violet 

 white, in Bisaya " balasbas " or " antolang " or " san francisco ; " and known from early times : — ob- 

 served by Rheede v. pi. 60 in Malabar ; by Graham, "a very common shrub in gardens " and " sev- 

 eral varieties " cultivated in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, and Wallich, in other parts of 

 Hindustan ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah ; is described also by Rumphius iv. pi. 30 ; was observed 

 by Blanco on the Philippines, planted by the natives, the bruised leaves applied to cancerous tu- 

 mours of the breast. 



