148 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



and inland along river-banks, but occurring also as a weed around dwellings ; by Nuttall, on the 

 Upper Missouri and the Arkansas; by E. James, near the base of the Rocky mountains (Tor.) ; by 

 Baldwin, as far South as Lat. 31° in Florida ; but is regarded by Elliot as not indigenous around 

 Charleston. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Greenland (Wats.) ; to Patagonia, and 

 the Hawaiian Islands, and in both localities as observed by myself has become naturalized. "X. 

 Orientale " regarded as not distinct, was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, near Nagasaki in 

 Japan, and called "sooni" or usually "naraone." 

 #EV £Sk 1221 B. C. (= 1412 y. 2 mo. — "51 — 61 — 20 — 60 yrs " of the Afr.-Maneth. table 

 1 = 1613 y. 3 mo. — " 393 yrs " of Josephus c. A. i. 16 and 26, Manetho in Jos. giving 

 1280 y. 2 mo. — " 59 yrs " = 1221 y. 2 mo, and the Euseb.-Maneth. table and Egyptian 

 Chronicle 1413 — "194 yrs" = 1219), marking perhaps the accession of Ramessu 

 . VI. Amunikhopsef-nuterhikten, fourth king of the Twentieth dynasty. — His name oc- 

 curs in a tomb near Deru, in which an Ethiopian prince offers a royal statue ; also in his own tomb at 

 Bab-el-meluk (Birch). 



(Some similarity in name maybe remarked with " NghgphrSous " given by.Artapanus jud. in 

 Clem, strom. i. 23 as the pharaoh of the Exodus, called " HgnSphr£6us " by Eusebius, " H£n£vr6n " 

 in the chron. alex. ; and according to Birch, the rising of Sothis or the Dog-star is calculated in the 

 tomb of Ramessu VI. "at 1240 B. C. ; " compare also the second Sethos of Manetho in Jos. c. 

 A. i. 26). 



In this year (= 716 -f- " 505 years " of Herodot. i. 7, and Clint, i. p. 133), beginning of Lydian 

 history; Agron becoming king at Sardis. — His descendants reigned there in lineal succession 

 '■ twenty-two generations," Candaules being the last. The Lydian language continued extant in the 

 mountain district of Cibyra South of Lydia proper in the time of Strabo xiii. I. 17. 



" In the reign of Lynceus " (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), abduction of Proserpina. 



" 1219 B. C. = 1st year of Keng-ting, of the Chang'' or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 



'•In the reign of Lynceus" (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), agriculture of Triptolemus. The city of 

 Tarsus on the Southern coast of Asia Minor, founded (according to Strabo xvi. 2. 5) by the Argive 

 companions of Triptolemus. — Tarsus or Tharshish continued in existence in the time of Solomon 

 (1 K. x. 22, xxii. 48), of Isaiah xxiii. 1 to 10, and of the Apostle Paul (Acts xxii. 3). 



1216 B. C. (= 1 186 -(- "30 years" of Euseb. i and ii., and Syncell), accession of Lampares as 

 Assyrian emperor. 



About this time (Plnd. ix. 86, Plut. quaest. graec. 15, and Eustath. horn. p. 277), the city of 

 Hyantheia or Oeantheia in Western Greece founded by Locrus, son of Physcius and grandson of 

 Amphictyon. 



Rosa sempervirens of the Mediterranean countries. An evergreen rose called in Greece " vata " 

 or "agria vata" or "hamovata" (Fraas) ; and the " kunSsvaton " that wounded Locrus in fulfilment 

 of an oracle respecting the bite of a wooden dog, — mentioned also in Ulc. 8, Theophrastus iii. 18. 4, 

 Theocritus v. 92, having according to Dioscorides white flowers and oblong fruit of the shape of an 

 olive-stone and downy within, known also to Athenaeus ii. 87 in Egypt, is referred here by Sibthorp, 

 and Fraas: the "kunnkanthe" is mentioned by Aristotle an. v. 19, and the "kunosvaton " by some 

 called " oxuakanthan " in Syn. Diosc. : R. sempervirens was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 

 Fraas, frequent in Greece and the Peloponnesus. Westward, the "cynosbaton" of the Greeks is 

 identified by Columella xi. 3. 4 with the '• sentis canis ; " the "spina" called "rubus caninus " is men- 

 tioned by Palladius i. 34 5 : and R. sempervirens is known to grow wild in Northern Italy, on the 

 Balearic Islands, and as far as Germany (Pers., Steud., and Lenz). A scented variety "var. mos- 

 chata"is distinguished by Fraas, is called in ( Greece " agrio moskia " (Sibth.), and by Tournefort 

 inst. 637 " r. moschata sempervirens." 



Smilax aspera of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " ro°-o cervione " or " smilace 

 aspra" or "smilace" (Lenz), in Greece "smilagga" (Forsk.) or "smilax" or "xuloklema" or "arkou- 

 thovatos " or " skulovatos " (Fraas), in Egyptian " luisthc " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the 

 "smilax trach£ia" called by some "kunosvaton" according to Syn. Diosc, and therefore possiblv the 

 plant that wounded Locrus : — the " smilax " is described by Theophrastus iii. 18. 1 1 as resting upon 

 other stems, its own stem prickly, leaves ivy-like but not angular, and white odorous flowers ; the 

 "smilax trahSia" by Dioscorides as twining around trees and bearing red berries, and is identified in 

 the added Synonyms with the " lukanthSmon " or " eliophuton " or " anatolikon : " S. aspera was ob- 

 served by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus Crete 

 and Cyprus, tangling the forest and in spring the young shoots eaten. Farther South, is known to 

 jjrow in Palestine (Pers.), and branches of " milaxi " (of course imported) were carried in Alexandria 

 at the festival of Ptolemy Philadelphus (Callixen., and Athen. v. 28). Westward, the "smilax trahgia" 

 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " rathia " of the Tuscans, and " mgrgina " of the Romans- the 

 "smilax" growing in Italy and worn although unsuitable in garlands at festivals of Bacchus, is men- 



