OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 149 



tioned by Pliny xvi. 63; S. aspera is described by Fuchsius p. 719, is termed "s, a. fructu rubente " 

 by Tournefort inst. 654, was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to 

 grow in Carniolia and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Spreng.j. " S. nigra" described 

 by Clusius hist. i. 113, termed "s. a. minus spinosa fructu nigro " by Tournefort inst. 654, and known 

 to grow in Portugal and Spain (Pers.), was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, from the Peloponnesus 

 to Constantinople, but is regarded by Fraas as not distinct. 



1208 B. C. (= " 40th year after " leaving " Egypt, in the first of the fifth month," Num. xx. 27, 

 xxi. 4, and xxxiii. 37), Eleazar installed high priest, and the death of his father Aaron on Mount Hor. 

 In proceeding "to compass the land of Edom," many persons were bitten by serpents ; and " Moses 

 made a serpent of brass." — This specimen of his handiwork was kept in after times at Jerusalem ; 

 and continued to attest the reality of the abode in the Desert, until broken in pieces by order of 

 king Hezekiah (2 K. xviii. 4). 



Clutia lanceolata of the mountains of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen " luch " or " alloh " 

 (Forsk.) ; and the growing " aglym " trees of Balaam's prophecy num. xxiv. 6 — may be compared: 

 C. lanceolata was observed by Forskal p. 170 at Boka in Yemen in the middle region of the moun- 

 tains ; and according to Vahl resembles C. pulchella of Austral Africa (Pers.). 



August (= 1207 y. 241^ d. = 1240 — "40 years " of ten lunations of num. xiv. 33, xxvi., and 

 xxvii. 12), death of Moses on Mount Abarim in sight of the promised land. — Mount Nebo has been 

 re-discovered by De Saulcy (correspond. Lond. athen. 1865), and still bears the name of "Jebel 

 Neba ; " while another eminence in the vicinity called " Jebel Jelul " illustrious mountain, is regarded 

 by him as very probably marking Beth-peor or the burial-place of Moses. As Moses gave directions 

 for building an altar " of whole stones " untouched by iron (Deut. xxvii. 5 and 6), it may be inferred, 

 that some " twenty dolmens and cromlechs exactly like those of France and England " observed by 

 De Saulcy, were not in existence before the days of Moses. 



1207 B. C. ("on the tenth of the First month," Josh. iv. 19), the Jordan crossed by the Israelites 

 under Joshua. "On the fourteenth day of the month,'' the Passover kept "in the plains of Jericho." 

 And not many days afterwards, the city of Jericho captured; an event attended by the transgression 

 of Achar (Josh. v. 10, vii. 26, xxii. 20, and 1 Chron. ii. 7). 



Hazor, the Canaanitish or Phoenician capital of the country around the sources of the Jordan, 

 burned by Joshua (Josh. xi. 10). — In the time of Deborah, the city had recovered its importance 

 (Judg. iv. 2). Its site, bearing the ancient name, was found by G. Williams (Sm. geogr. diet.) East 

 of the Jordan and of Lake Merom, on a hill commanding the road from Tyre to Damascus. 



1203 B. C. (= 1239 — "45 years" of ten lunations of Josh. xiv. 5 to 13), division of the con- 

 quered land among the Israelites ; Hebron being assigned to Caleb son of Jephunneh. 



Phragmltes communis of Temperate climates. Soft-stemmed and called in Britain bog reed or 

 bennels from its use in forming roofs (Johnst.), in Anglo-Saxon " hreod," in Germany " riet " (Prior) 

 or " schilfrohr," in Italy " canna palustre " or " cannuccia " or " spazzola di palude " (Lenz), in 

 Greece " agriokalamos " or '■ haita " (Sibth.) the latter word used by Homer and Euripedes and ap- 

 plicable to thatch, in Egypt " bous " (Del ), and doubtless connected with the river " kn£ " mentioned 

 in Joshua xvi. 8 and xvii. 9 to xix. 28 : — the "agmwn " growing at Babylon (Jer. Ii. 32), may also be 

 compared : P. communis was observed by Delile on islets in the Nile, by Forskal p. 25 occupying 

 the Ghobeibe marsh in the Sinai peninsula and its stems transported to Egypt and throughout Arabia. 

 Farther North, " kalamoi " were found by Darius around a lake beyond the Danube (Herodot. iv. 

 109) ; were figured growing in water among fishes by Polygnotus at Delphi (Paus. x. 28. 1) ; and are 

 one of the kinds distinguished by Theophrastus iv. it. 11 : P. communis was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in marshes from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to 

 Bithynia. Westward, the "fluvialis arundo " is mentioned by Virgil geor. ii. 414; " canna " covering 

 the slothful pool, by Ovid ; " arundines " lasting for ages as thatching among Northern people, by 

 Pliny xvi. 64 ; and remnants of P. vulgaris for bedding or for thatching roofs, have been found among 

 debris of the earliest Swiss villages (froyon p. 44): P. communis is termed "a. vulgaris" by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 526 ; was observed by Savi, and Lenz, in Italy; and is known to grow in Barbary, Portugal, 

 and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Desf., Brot, Wats., and 

 Hook.). Eastward from Syria, is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries, and throughout 

 Siberia as far as Japan (Bieb., Gmel., and Thunb.). Farther East, was observed by myself in Cali- 

 fornia and Oregon ; by Drummond, at Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan ; was called " weki- 

 nash " by the aboriginals of New England (R. Williams) ; and is known to grow throughout Canada 

 and along the Atlantic as far as Lat. 31 in Florida (Wats., Baldw., and Chapm.). In the Southern 

 Hemisphere, was observed by myself in the drizzly climate of Western Peru, also in Chili and Pata- 

 gonia ; and is known to grow in Australia (Wats., and Kunth). 



