OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 151 



monuments at Nineveh (Bonom. iv. 3) ; and bands of "funditores" or slingers were employed in the 

 Roman armies (Sail., and Val. Max.). The use of this weapon extended even to America : as shown 

 by an ancient Peruvian sling found by myself among the ruins of Pachacamac near Lima. 



1186 B. C. (= 1 141 -\- "45 years" of Euseb. ii., and Syncell.), accession of Panyas as Assyrian 

 emperor. He is also mentioned by Cephalion : but "forty-two" years only are assigned to his reign 

 in Euseb. i. 



Tantalus father of Pelops, Broteas, and Niobe, a wealthy king, and (according to Diodorus iv. 

 74, Hyginus 124, and Servius ad aen. vi. 603) king of Lydia or of Sipylus ; — an account confirmed 

 by recent discoveries on mount Sipylus (see Niobe). 



1185 B. C. (= IT76 y. 302J! d. -|- "8 years" of Judg. iii. 8), the Israelites "sold" into "the 

 hands of Chushan-rishathaim king of Mesopotamia ; " or the first Servitude. 



" In the reign of Lynceus" (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), Crete governed by the lawgiver Minos. 

 Regarded as having inaugurated naval dominion : extending his authority over other islands, and 

 even imposing tribute on the city of Athens. — The wisdom and justice of Minos are celebrated by 

 Homer (il. iii. 232, xiii. 450, od. xi. 322, 569, and xix. 179), the Cretans continuing pre-eminent as 

 mariners, and communication with the main land being frequent. The tribute imposed by Minos on 

 Athens, continued to be paid annually for about eight hundred years, ceasing soon after the death 

 of Socrates (Plat. leg. iv. 2). 



Minos encouraged archery, and a law in which he directs children to be instructed in the art — 

 has been preserved by Ephorus (Strab. x.) : the quiver is represented on the earliest coins of Crete 

 (Goltz. grasc.) ; the Cretan archers according to Xenophon iv rendered great assistance in the 

 Retreat of the ten thousand ; to the time of Pausanias, the Cretans excelled all other Greeks in the 

 art ; and their proficiency was found by Tournefort trav. i. 100 not altogether obsolete. 



Cenchrus ? frutescens of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "pe'trokalamo" 

 (Sibth.), and furnished the arrows — according to Tournefort trav. i. 100 : the "kalamous inthikous " or 

 " mSstokalamous " or "valitas" is said by Democritus to indicate water if the shoots are tender; the 

 "kalamou epigfiion" of Theophrastus iv. 13 maybe compared ; and the " nastos " from which arrows 

 are made, distinguished by Dioscorides i. 114, is referred here by Sibthorp : C. frutescens is termed 

 "arundo graminea aculeata" by Alpinus exot. pi. 104 as observed by him on Crete (Spreng.), "gramen 

 orientale spicatum fruticosum spinosum spicis echinatis in capitulum congestis " by Tournefort cor. 

 39 ; was observed by Sibthorp frequent in maritime sands around Crete, the Peloponnesus, and the 

 Greek islands, and according to Linnaeus occurs also in Armenia ; but in the absence of specimens 

 from the Linnaean and Sibthorpian herbaria, the plant remains altogether obscure (J. E. Smith). 



1181 B. C. (= 1158 -j- "23 years" of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Pausan. ii. 16. 2, and 

 Tat.), Lynceus succeeded by his son Abas, thirteenth king at Argos. 



1 1 78 B. C. = " 17th year of Ramessu VIII.," in a papyrus — (Birch, in Buns, praef iii.). 

 1 177 B. C. (= 1158 y. 302JI d. -4- " 18 years" of judg. iii. 14), Chusan-rishathaim of Mesopo- 

 tamia defeated by the Israelites under Othniel. 



Cleitor succeeded by his cousin Aepytus, grandson of Areas and now seventh king of Arcadia 



(Pind. vi. 54, and Paus. viii. 4. 7). Aepytus was killed by the bite of a " seps," described by 



Pausanias as a viper of the smallest size, ash-coloured with dots, the head broad and neck slender. 

 The tomb of Aepytus is mentioned by Homer il, ii. 604, and was visited by Pausanias. 



On the summit of mount Cyllene in Arcadia, Cyllen brother of Aepytus built a temple to Mercury ; 

 — in ruins when visited by Pausanias viii. 17. 1. 



Callitris quadrivalvis of Barbary. Called in Egypt and Yemen "atl" (Forsk.) : by a marked 

 exception, the image of Mercury in this temple was of " thuSu " — (Paus.) ; burned on Calypso's 

 Isle (Malta) for sacrifice (Horn. od. v. 60); mentioned by Theophrastus v. 3 as growing in Cyrene 

 and the Oasis of Ammon ; and " xulon thuinon " by Callixenus, Strabo iv. 6, and in Rev. xviii. 12: 

 the " athl " is mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar : C quadrivalvis was observed 

 by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in Egypt; by myself, planted in gardens throughout and in the 

 distance much resembling a Casuarina ; according to my Nubian attendant is well-known in Dongola ; 

 was observed by Forskal as far as Yemen ; and galls from the " atl " are enumerated by Forskal mat. 

 med., and Clot-Bey, as employed in Egypt for dyeing in place of those from the oak. Westward, the 

 " thy'on " of Homer and others is identified by Pliny xiii. 29 to 30 with the " citrus " of the Romans, the 

 material of tables so highly prized from the time of Cicero, the variegated knotty root being especially 

 valued • " libyssa citrus " is mentioned by Varro ; its wood as precious by Horace iv. 1 ; and " citrea 

 mensa" by Petronius, Lucan, and Martial: C. quadrivalvis was ascertained by S. E. Cook to have 

 furnished the roofing of a mosque at Cordova built in the " Ninth " century (Royle in Kitt. bibl cycl.) ; 

 and according to Daubeny " beautiful specimens of ornamental cabinet-work " so much admired a 

 few years ago in Paris ; was observed by Schousboe in its wild state, "a tree of enormous size " in 

 the Upper portion of the province of Temsme in Morocco. 



