156 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Plantago major of Northern Asia. Called in France and Britain plantain (Prior, and Nugent), 

 in Germany "wegerich" (Grieb), in Italy "piantaggine maggiore " (Lenz), in Greece " pentanguron " 

 (Forsk., and Sibth.), in Egypt " massasah " or " lissan el-hamal " lamb's tongue (Del.), by the prophets 

 " ouran ihngumonos," in Egyptian " asonth " or " asoelh " (Syn. Diosc.) or " asout " from " <5s66u " 

 sheep (Kirch.), in Japan " siaden," or usually " obako " (Thunb.) : the " feou-yi " gathered by women 

 in pathways and under the wheels of chariots according to an ancient ode — (Chi-King i. 1. 8) is 

 referred here by Pauthier : P. major was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan ; by Siebold, 

 on Yeso ; by Gmelin, throughout Siberia. Westward, " lissan el-hamal " translated into Greek 

 becomes the " arnoglfisson " of Theophrastus vii. 8. 3, and Themison, "arnoglfisson mSizon" being 

 medicinally the most useful kind according to Dioscorides : in Syn. Diosc, the " arnoglfisson " or 

 "amnion" or "provateion" or " £ptapl£uron " is identified with the " atieirkon " of Numidians, 

 "thesarikam" of Spaniards, and " tarvelothathion " of Gauls; and the." heptapleuron " is identified 

 by Pliny xxv. 39 with "plantago maior : " P. major is known to occur in waste places along the 

 Taurian mountains (Bieb.) ; was received by A. Richard from Abyssinia ; was observed by Forskal, 

 and Delile, around Damietta and Cairo ; by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from 

 Constantinople to Crete and the Peloponnesus ; is known to occur in pathways from Italy through- 

 out Western Europe as far as Lapland (Tourn. inst. 126, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward from Japan, 

 may have been carried by Aino or Aleutian colonists to America ; was received from the neighbouring 

 American coast by Gmelin, was observed by Brackenridge around Chinnook villages on Gray's har- 

 bour, but otherwise by him and myself throughout Oregon only around the trading-post of Fort 

 Colville ; was received however bv Hooker from California, Fort Vancouver, and Sitcha ; was observed 

 by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; and in 1515 by Oviedo gen. hist. xi. 2 in the West Indies, "plante 

 al qual los medicos llamen plantago." In our Atlantic States, has an indigenous aspect along salt- 

 marshes, was received by Hooker from Labrador, and observed by him on Iceland, yet may have 

 been introduced throughout by European colonists : Josselyn voy. 188 and rar. 86 found in 1663 

 "broad-leaved plantain " the only "sort" in New England, which " the Indians call Englishman's 

 foot, as though produced by their treading; " Bartram also found the natives "pretending that this 

 plant never grew here before the arrival of Europeans" (Kalm trav. i. 92) ; and in various instances 

 the plant has certainly accompanied the footsteps of fur-traders. Clearly also by European colonists, 

 was carried to the Southern Hemisphere ; to Chili (C. Gay) ; and to New Zealand, occurring there 

 in but one known locality (Raoul, and A. Dec. ; see P. media). 



Hardly later than this date, Panaceia the " all-healing." — She was regarded as the daughter of 

 Aesculapius, and a temple was erected to her at Oropus (Aristoph. plut. 702, Paus. i. 34. 2, and schol. 

 Aristoph.). 



Ferula ferulago of the East Mediterranean countries. The " panaces " called after Aesculapius 

 because he named his daughter Panacea, — further described by Pliny xxv. n as yielding " succus 

 coactus ferulae," that procured in Macedonia being called " bucolicon," may be compared : " halvane " 

 produced in Syria by a plant called "panak£s," is mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 7 to u ; " halvanis 

 riza," by Nicander ther. 938 ; a " narthex " in Syria producing "halvane," by Dioscorides iii. 87; 

 "galbanum " produced by a "ferula" growing on mount Amanus in Syria and called " stagonitin," 

 by Pliny xii. 56: F. ferulago was obtained by Lobel obs. 451 from seeds found in the gum (Spreng.); 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete to the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also 

 in Transylvania, Gallicia, and as far as Caucasus (Jacq. austr. app. pi. 5, and Lindl). Westward, 

 is termed " f. galbanifera " by Tournefort inst. 321 ; is known to grow in Sicily (Morison ix. pi. 15, 

 and Pers.) ; and was observed by Desfontaines p. 251 in Barbary. The plant according to Lindley 

 " yields abundantly a gum-resinous secretion," but " it would appear that the opinion of" its produc- 

 ing galbanum "is unfounded." (see G. officinale). 



Thapsia Asclepium of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " aglegora " (Sibth.) ; 

 and the "panakes asklepi<5ion " — distinguished from the preceding by Theophrastus ix. 8 to 1 1, having 

 a white root a span long "alukfithe" brackish, stem geniculate every way, and " thapsia "-like leaves, 

 which according to Dioscorides are hairy and the flowers yellow, is referred here by Columna 

 (Spreng.) : T. Asclepium was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Rhodes and Con- 

 stantinople. Westward, is enumerated among foreign plants in the Ortus Sanitatis and termed 

 "thapsiam" (Spreng.), but was found by Brassavolus on the Appenines ; is described also by 

 Matthioli 545. and Columna ecphr. i. pi. 85; is termed " th. tenuiore folio apula " by Tournefort 

 inst. 322 ; and is known to grow as far as Apulia at the Southern extreme of Italy (Pers.). 



"1134B. C. = 1st year of Wou-wang " (Chinese chron. table). A vase dedicated to Wou- 

 wang's father Wen-wans;, is figured by Pauthier pi. xxxix. 5. 



Ninety-fifth generation. Sept. 1st, 1134, mostly beyond youth: Boaz, and Ruth; the high- 

 priest Bukki (I Chron. vi. 5, Ezr. vii. 4, and Josep. v. 116) ; Bellerophon grandson of Sisyphus 

 (Horn. il. vi. 154); Laomedon king of Troy and father of Priamus, and Capys father of Anchises 



