l6o CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"When the Tcheou conquered the Chang" (topog. Cant., and Pauth. p. 472), eight barbarous 

 nations in communication with China. 



The same year (= 1095 -f " 27 years" of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell., see also Cephal.), 

 accession of Mithraeus or Metraios as Assyrian emperor. 



Acouiium napellus of the mountains of middle and Eastern Europe. Called in Britain monks- 

 hood or aconite (Prior), in Italy " napello " or " aconito " (Lenz), in Greece " akoniton," in which we 

 recognize the "akoniton "discovered by Hecate, wife of Aeetes king of Colchis and mother of Medea 

 — (Diodor. iv. 45) ; growing in the countries on the Black Sea according to Theopompus, and Strabo, 

 mentioned also by Heraclides, Antigonus Carystius, Euphorion, and Aelius Promotus, and the 

 "akoniton pontikon " used by physicians of Syn. Diosc. iv 78: the " parthalianheV' whose root 

 was placed in meat to destroy wild beasts, according to Aristotle an. ix. 6, and Nicander alex., 

 identified in Syn. Diosc. iv. 77 with the " theluphonon " or "therophonon " or " muoktonon," may also 

 belong here : A. napellus was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. Westward, Calpurnius 

 Bestia consul B. C. in was accused of poisoning women with "aconitum," and this material is men- 

 tioned as a poison by Ovid, by Pliny xxv. 75 and xxvii. 2 as the most speedy poison known : A. 

 napellus is described by Lobel pi. 679, and Clusius hist. ii. pi. 96 ; is termed "a. casruleum seu napel- 

 lus primus " by Tournefort inst. 425 ; is known to grow wild on the mountains of Italy Switzerland 

 and Eastern Germany (Spreng., and A. Dec.) ; is besides cultivated and naturalized throughout 

 middle Europe, and was already in Britain in the days of Gerarde. By European colonists, was car- 

 ried to Northeast America, where it continues to be cultivated for ornament. The plant according 

 to Lindley is "a true narcotico-acrid poison," and "numerous fatal cases of its application are 

 recorded." 



About this time (Sm. b. d.), Clvmenus king of Orchomenus slain by Perieres at the festival 

 of the Onchestian Neptune. His son and successor Erginus marched at once against Boeotian 

 Thebes, and compelled the inhabitants to pay an annual tribute. 



Lonicera periclymenum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wood- 

 bine, in Old English " woodbinde " or " woodvynde," in Anglo-Saxon " wudu-bind " or " wudu-winde " 

 (Prior), in Germany "geissblatt" (Grieb), in Italy " periclimeno " (Lenz), in Greece " agrioklema" 

 (Fraas), in which we recognize the "pe>iklum6non " identified through Syn. Diosc. with the " klu- 

 mSnon" named after king Clymenus (Plin.) and called in Egyptian "klumSnion" or "agonon" or 

 " oxioni : " — the "klumfinon" is described by Dioscorides as having a tetragonal stem and plantain- 

 like leaves, the mountain kind best, the juice of the root and whole plant astringent and refrigerating 

 administered in potion, and the bruised leaves applied to recent wounds : L. periclymenum was 

 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard and Fraas, in Greece and Cyprus, along hedges as well as on the 

 mountains. Westward, the " klumSnon " by some called "smilax" or "kalukanthemon " or " Clio- 

 phu£s " or " epatitis " or " anatolikon " or " thutikon " or " merging " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 

 the " ouoloukroum " or " ouoloukroum maious " of the Romans ; the " clymenus herba " is described 

 by Pliny xxv. 33 and xxvi. 48 as growing in woodland and mountainous situations, the stem "inani 

 articulis praecincta," the odour "gravi," and the seed ivy-like and administered in wine : L. pericly- 

 menum is described by Tragus f. 311, and Fuchsius p. 646; is termed " wald-winde " by Gerarde 

 (in Tabernxm. ii. 616), "caprifolium germanicum" by Tournefort inst. 608; and is known to grow 

 in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 90S, and Pers.). 



Lonicera caprifoliuin of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain 

 caprifoly (Prior), in Italy " caprifolio " or " madreselva " (Lenz), in Greece "agrioklema" (Sibth., 

 and Forsk.), in which we recognize the " sylvae matrem " identified bv Scribonius Larmis 129 with 

 the " penklumfnou " of the Greeks ; called by some " klumJnon " — (according to Svn. Diosc), and 

 described by Dioscorides as twining around other shrubs in hedges and cultivated places, and having 

 at intervals leaves " perieilephota " surrounding the stem (compare also Periclvmenus brother of 

 Nestor, Horn. od. xi. 285): L. caprifoliuin was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, fre- 

 quent in hedges from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople. Farther 

 South, the " peYiklumgnon " by some called " kalukanthSmon " or " epatitis " or " ais^ine " or " klem- 

 atitis " or " karpathon " or " splenion " or " £lxine m£iz6n " or " m ursine " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 

 with the " polion aphrothites " of the prophets, and " tourkon " of the Egyptians. Westward, with 

 the " lanath " of the Numidians, and " ouoloukroum maious " of the Romans ; the account of the 

 " periclymenos " by Pliny xxvii. 94 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides; but L. caprifolium is 

 described by Matthioli p. 691 (Spreng.), is termed " c. italicum " by Tournefort inst. 608, and is 

 known to grow wild in Southern France (Mut, Gren., and A. Dec); is besides planted for ornament 

 throughout middle Europe, and has become naturalized in various localities as far as Britain (J. E. 

 Smith flor. 260, Wats., and Bromfield). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 

 where it continues to be cultivated for ornament. 



1117 B. C. (= 1114 + "3 years" of Judg. ix. 22). not later than this date, Abimelech son of 

 Jcrubbaal made by the " men of Sechem" ruler "over Israel." 



