OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. r 6i 



in gS" faSwsibtM Ta 7" C : SPia ; v UntrieS and m ° UntainS ° f Tr °P ical Arabia - Called 

 in Greece ramnos (Sibth.), in Egypt and Yemen » ausadj " or "ausajdi" (Forsk) in which we 



recognize the « ramnos " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "atathin" of the VmM ans' or^atft" 

 of Jotham son of Jerubbaal - (Judg. ix. 14), and Psalm Iviii. 9 : L. Europium was observed by 

 SeTre^f I ^^j,^ A1 P inus > F ° rskal - »* Delile, at Alexandria a'nd Damiett A™ 

 the Greeks, the "ramnos" was regarded sacred to Aesculapius (Pausan. iii. , 4 v is mentioned also 

 by Sophron, Euphonon, Eupolis, Theophrastus, Nicander ; and is described by Dioscorides as a 

 shrub with stra,ght thorns growing along hedges: L. Europaeum was observed by Sibthorp and 

 Chaubard, irequent m hedges in Greece. Westward, the " ramnos " is identified in Syn Diosc wkh 

 the • spma kervahs " of the Romans, but the account of the "rhamnus" by Pliny „* 76 seemT n 

 part taken from Dioscorides : L. Europaeum is known to occur also in Italy, Barbary Portugal and 

 France Pers.). In lts w.ld state, was observed by Pallas trav. iv. not far from Astrakan ; by Forskal 

 among the mountains of Yemen. "*«■<"! , uy r orsKai, 



. "Before the time of Homer" (Strab. iii.), the Phoenicians, in possession of the best part of 



t!Zo^r G ±7X Islands of the Blest (Canaries)> not far from the extreraity of M ^ 



"11 16 B. C. under the Tcheou dynasty " (Stan-Jul.), the following plant known to the Chinese 

 « ,JZ%'"\\ tm f rmS ° { f Eastern Asia - CaIled « English gardens safflower (Prior), in Germany 

 saflor (Gneb), in France « safranon » or " faux safran » (A. Dec.), in Italy « zafferano falso " or « sara* 

 cmesco or » zaffrone "or "cartamo » (Lenz), in Greece « saphlanoni " or « asphouri " (Fraas), in Egypt 

 osfar_ or qortom (Forsk.), in Egyptian « tshoug " (Lex oxf.) or « jouj " (Kirch.) or "shoush " ms 

 f.l r ' h m w '^"LT ^Bombay "koosumba" (Graham), in Japan » benino fanna" or "kookva" or 

 kurenai (Thunb.), and as early as this year used in China in cosmetic pigment; imported in " uc 

 B. C. under the Han dynasty " (Stan. Jul. industr. chin. 83), but at present cultivated and exported 

 (parcels examined by myself) : was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan 

 as well as growing spontaneously, and occasionally employed by women to tinge the lips. Westward 

 is enumerated by Mason v. p. 512 as "exotic" in Burmah and extensively cultivated "the be<t 

 yellow dye in the country, and mixed with other ingredients " to " dye red and to give a variety of 

 tints : " is termed " crocus indicus " by Rumphius v. pi. 79 ; was observed by Roxburgh under culti- 

 vation in Hindustan ; by myself, commonly cultivated on the Deccan, for the use according to Gra- 

 ham "of dyers and for the oil obtained from the seeds ; " and according to Gibson cultivated "also 

 in Guzerat to a small extent." Farther West, " krokopeplos " saffron-coloured clothing was known 

 to Homer il. xxiu. 227; the term " krokovaphes " dyed with saffron occurs in Aeschylus a"-. 1092 

 " krok6tithion " and " krokotos " saffron robe in Aristophanes lys. 48 and ran. 46, "crocotula" saf- 

 fron garment in Plautus, " tunica crocina " in Catullus ; the " cnicon " mentioned by Pliny xxi. 53 to 107 

 as unknown in Italy, an "aegyptia herba " with seeds yielding oil, may in part belong here ; and the 

 I' kurthum " or " usfar " is mentioned by Ebn Masawia, Abi Othman, Abu Hanifa, Ebn Masah, Maser- 

 jawia, Rhazes, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar : C. tinctorius was observed by Abd-allatif, Forskalj Delile, 

 and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt; by Grant in descending the Nile was found cultivated "for 

 its oil" at Kartoom in 15 30'; was seen by Fraas experimentally cultivated in Greece ; is described 

 by Caesalpinus, and Bauhin iii. p. 76; and is known to be now cultivated in Italy (Lenz). By 

 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens. (See C. 

 Creticus). 



" 1 115 B. C. = 1st year of Tching-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. 

 table). The earliest round copper-money having "a square hole in the middle," issued durino- the 

 reign of Tching-wang (Pauth. 84). 



Ranunculus thora of the mountains of middle and Eastern Europe. The acrid juice of its root 

 employed by Swiss hunters to envenom their weapons (Lindl.) as early perhaps as this date in 

 accordance with the Latin word " toxicum " perverted from the Greek through the use of poisoned 

 arrows — (Nicand. alex. 207 and schol., Plin. xvi. 20) : the word " toxicum " occurs as early as 

 Plautus : the "phthoram " of the Waldenses or R. thora is described by Gesner hort. f. 244 (Spreng.) 

 and C. Bauhin pin. 284 ; is termed " r. cyclaminis folio asphodeli radice major " by Tournefort inst. 

 285 ; and is known to grow "near the limits of perpetual snow " on the Pyrenees, Alps, and Carpa- 

 thians (Jacq. aiistr. pi. 442, Pers., A. Dec, and Lindl.). Eastward, the " thruon," a ma^ic plant 

 of the Colchians (argon. Orph. i. 916), is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " pe"ntathruon " or "struh- 

 non manikon; " the "thruoron " or "pSritton " or " struhnos manikos " is described by Theophras- 

 tus ix. 11. 6 as having a head like the fruit of the plane tree, and Dioscorides adds that the head is 

 sessile ; the " manicon " is further identified by Pliny xxi. 105 with the "dorycnion" poison in which 

 spear-points were dipped ; and in Alexipharm. praef. and 6, and Galen comp. med. x. p. 356 with the 

 " thoruknion " plant : R. thora was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of the Peloponnesus. 

 (See Atropa belladonna). 



