l66 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



aculeis " by Tournefort trav. i. pi. 88 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from Crete 

 and the Peloponnesus to mount Athos, the young sprouts collected and eaten ; by Forskal, and 

 Delile, was observed in Lower Egypt. Westward, the •' asparagus " leafless and altogether thorn is 

 mentioned by Pliny xxi. 54 ; A. aphyllus is described by Morison i. pi. I, and is known to grow 

 in Sicily, Barbary, Spain, and Portugal (Pers.). "A. horridus " regarded as not distinct, was 

 observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus, is known to grow also in Barbary and Spain (Desf., Cav. 11. pi. 136, 

 and Pers.). 



Corvdalis solida of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The " thesewn " flower of which 

 the Ariadne garland was made —according to Timachidas (Athen.), may be compared: the root 

 of the " theseiou " is eumerated by Theophrastus vii. 12. 3 as tuberous " kephalorriz&n," bitter, and 

 purgative : C. solida was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in Boeotia and the Peloponnesus from 

 the fertile plains to the higher portion of Taygetus near the snow. Westward, the account of the 

 "thesium" by Pliny xxi. 67 to x.xii. 31 seems taken from Theophrastus : C. solida is termed "f. bul- 

 bosa radice non cava major" by Tournefort inst. 422, " pistolochia solida" by Bernhardi ; and is 

 known to grow in shaded situations throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1224, 

 Engl. bot. pi. 1471, and Pers.). 



1094 B. C. (= 1078 -f his " 17th year " on the monuments = 1280 y. 2 mo. — " 55 

 — 66 — 40 — 26 y." in the Euseb.-Maneth. table), accession of Ramessu XIII. Hhaem- 

 mianun-nuterhikten, eleventh king of the Twentieth dynasty. His name occurs at El 

 Kab, Karnak, Gurna, and on a stone — now in Cairo (GHd. analect). 

 The same year (= 107 1 -f- " 2 3 years " of Castor in Euseb.), Theseus being absent 

 or excluded from Athens, the accession of Menestheus son of Peteus as Twelfth Attic king. 



Examples have been already given of Scriptural names of animals and plants continuing in use 

 in Egypt : but further, many names current there are found to go behind the formation of the Greek 

 language, supplying the meaning of obsolete Greek words, and showing relationship, the more inti- 

 mate as we recede into antiquity. 



Next after Olen and before Homer, hymns to the gods composed at Athens, and first by Pam- 

 phos — (Pausan. ix. 27. 2, and Philostrat. her. p. 693). 



Narcissus tasetta of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "toumpakia" (Fraas), in 

 Egypt "nardjis," in which we recognize the yVAPKIESOE of Pamphos, — the Cyprian Verses, hymn 

 to Ceres, Hippocrates, Theophrastus vii. 12, Plutarch sympos. iii. 1, Pausanias ix. 31, and the " nar- 

 kissos en mSs6 krukoSithSs " of Dioscorides referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas: N. tazetta was 

 observed by Wheeler, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, wild and frequent in Greece ; by Forskal in 

 the gardens of Constantinople, "introduced from Cyprus ; '' by Forskal, in gardens at Cairo, and by 

 Delile, " growing spontaneously in gardens at Damietta.'' Westward, the " narcissus " of Ovid 

 metam. iii. 509, and the " calyx herbaceus " kind of Pliny xxi. 12 and 75, are referred here by Fraas ; 

 N. tazetta is termed " n. medio luteus copioso flore odore gravi " by Tournefort inst. 354; and is 

 known to grow in Italy, Barbary, Portugal, Spain, and Southern France (Barrel, pi. 91S, Desf. i. p. 

 282, Pers., and Lenz). Is enumerated among medicinal species by Lindley. 



Narcissus poetiacs of the mountains of Southern Europe. Called in Italy " giracapo " or " tazzette 

 selvatiche " or " narciso poetico " (Lenz), and possibly the " narkissos " of Pamphos : — the " narkissos 

 6upn65s " fragrant, is mentioned by Moschus ii. 65 ; the sweet-scented mountain kind is pronounced 

 the best by Dioscorides, and his " narkissos 2n m£s6 porphuroSitMs " is referred here by writers : 

 N. poeticus was observed by Wheeler on Helicon and other mountains of Greece (Sibth.). West- 

 ward, the " purpureus narcissus " is mentioned by Virgil eel. iv. 34, and the kind " flore candido 

 calyce purpureo " by Pliny xxi. 12: N. poeticus is described by Camerarius (Spreng. ) ; is termed 

 " n. albus circulo purpureo " by Tournefort inst. 353 ; is known to grow wild on the mountains of 

 Northern Italy and as far as central France (A. Dec, and Lenz) ; is besides cultivated for ornament, 

 and has become naturalized in various localities as far as Belgium and Britain (Wats.). By Euro- 

 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be a favourite garden flower. 

 According to Lindley, " the bulbs have considerable energy as emetics," and " in doses of two to 

 three drachms the extract is a deadly poison." 



1091 B. C. (= 1071 -\- "20 years" of Herodotus ix. 26, and Clint, i. p. 79 to 106), First invasion 

 of the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidas. Met on the Isthmus by the Achasans, Ionians, and the 

 Arcadians of Tegea ; and Hyllus the Heraclid leader slain in single combat by king Echemus of 

 Tegea. 



The worship therefore of Samson or Hercules advancing rapidly throughout middle and Western 

 Europe. — The " temple to Hercules " supposed by Ephorus to exist on Cape Sagra in Portugal, 

 was found by Artemidorus to consist of only "three or four stones put together in many places," 

 which the inhabitants taught by their fathers said was the work of Hercules (Strab. iii. 1.4); an 

 account clearly referring to cromlechs. Druidical circles are perhaps less ancient : but Druids were 



