OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 167 



seen in France by Posidonius, and Caesar ; and as appears from Pliny xvi. 95 " sexta lima quae 

 principia mensium annorumque his facit et seculi post tricesimum annum" the sixth day of the 

 moon which is the beginning of their months and years and of their thirty-year period, the Druids 

 used the calendar year of twelve lunations, and were acquainted with the " Cycle of 360 lunations = 

 10,631 days." (See mount Nebo, Deut. xxvii. 5, Jeroboam, and Amaziah). 



Ireland inhabited as early probably as this date, and crannoges (palisaded villages on lake islets 

 and shoals) perhaps already constructed : — they are mentioned in Irish annals "from the Fifth cen- 

 tury A.D.," serving as strongholds and places of refuge during wars, and one of them continued 

 extant as late as " 1610 " (Wilde, and Troyon p. 87 and pi. 2). 



The kinds of timber employed in these crannoges include " aulne," Alnus glutinosa (Troyon 

 p. 458). 



Among bones of animals in great quantities on the site of these crannoges, those of the extinct 

 Irish elk, Cervus . . . . , were probably merely collected in the fossil state. Implements are inter- 

 mingled of different degrees of antiquity, some made of stone and possibly belonging to the Stone 

 Age (see Troyon). 



Of plants less anciently cultivated in Switzerland during the Stone Age, possibly therefore as 

 early as this date, the following are enumerated (by Heer, in Troyon p. 443) : the pear, Pyrus com- 

 munis ; sour cherry, Cerasus avium ; plum or bullace, Prunus insititia ; two-rowed barley, Hordeum 

 vulgare ; spelt, Triticum spelta ; and T. monococcum. 



Of forest trees and shrubs, the following are enumerated (by Heer in Lee's edit. Keller) : Juni- 

 perus communis and Pinus sylvestris. 



Besides the manufacture of metallic implements throughout middle and Western Europe, the 

 Bronze Age is especially marked by the change from burying to burning the dead — (Troyon 302). 



"1089 B. C." (Euseb. and Clint, i. p. 23, Diodorus' numbers giving 1169 — "92 " = 1077), 

 "Second" change in naval dominion. Leaving the Lydians and Masonians, the "empire of the 

 sea " acquired by the Pelasgian Greeks. — Held by them " eighty five " years. 



1088 B. C. (= 107 1 + " r8th year " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 131, and of Clemens Alexandrinus), 

 Thyestes succeeded at Mycenae by Agamemnon, son or grandson of Atreus and now Argive king. 



1087 B. C. (= 1071 + " 16 years" of Clint, i. p. 140, see Homer il. iv. 406), Second war against 

 Boeotian Thebes, Diomed being old enough to take part. On the capture of the city, its wall was 

 demolished, and the Cadmeans with their king Laodamas expelled from Boeotia. — At a later period, 

 the Gephyraei, a Phoenician and Cadmean family or clan, were allowed to reside at Athens ; and are 

 specially noticed by Herodotus v. 57 to 61. 



Ruscus hypoglossum of the mountains of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. Called in Italy 

 "bonifacia " or " bislingua " or " lauro alessandrino " (Lenz), in which we recognize die " al£xanttir£ia 

 thaphne " with which Alexander or Paris was crowned victor in the Games at Troy — (Stapel ad 

 Theophr.), termed "epiphullocarpus " by Theophrastus i. 10 and iii. 17, and identified by Dioscorides 

 with the " stephanen " or " ithaian " or " thanaen " or " upoglotton " or " zalgian " growing on moun- 

 tains and having red fruit in the middle of the leaf : R. hypoglossum was observed by Sibthorp on 

 mount Athos and in thickets towards the Black Sea. The 'Taurus alexandrina" or " hipoglottion " 

 or "carpophyllon " growing mostly on Ida and about Heraclea in Pontus always on mountains, is 

 mentioned by Pliny xv. 39 and xxiii. So : R. hypoglossum is described by Matthioli p. 829, is termed 

 " r. angustifolius fructu folio innascente " by Tournefort inst. 79, and is known to grow in shaded sit- 

 uations°on the mountains of Hungary and Italy (Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). 



Ruscus hypophyllum of Southeastern Europe. Called in Greece " ktirallovotanon " (Sibth.), in 

 E t "q a f an dar" (Del.) : the " hamaithaphne " by some called " alexanthrSian " — (Diosc. iv. 147), 

 mentioned by Theophrastus iii. 18, and described by Dioscorides as having laurel-like but smoother 

 leaves with red fruit attached to the leaves, is referred here by Columna ecphr. i. p. 165, and Sibthorp : 

 R hypophyllum was observed by Sibthorp in the woods on mount Athos ; and by Delile, in the gar- 

 dens of Egypt. Westward, the " chamaedaphe " is mentioned by Pliny xv. 39 and xxiv. 81 as a 

 woodland shrub " silvestris frutex ; " R. hypophyllum is termed " r. latifolius fructu folio innascente " 

 by Tournefort inst. 79 ; and is known to grow on hillsides in Italy (Pers., and Lenz). 



Daphne laureola of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A shrub two or three feet high 

 called in Britain loril or laury (Ainsw.), or copse laurel or spurge laurel (Prior), in France " laureole " 

 (Nugent) in Italy "laureola" (Lenz), in which we recognize the "laureola" of the Romans identified 

 with the'"thaphniten"in Syn. Diosc. iv. 147: the "daphnoides" or "stephanon alexandn " — or 

 "pelaso-um" or "eupetalon" of Pliny xv. 39, °r the " thaphnoeithSs " growing according to Diosco- 

 rides in mountainous situations, a cubit high with thong-like branches leafy from the middle upward, 

 the leaves laurel-like but not easily broken, burning the throat if tasted, and the npe fruit black, 

 clearly belongs here ■ D. laureola was observed by Sibthorp in shaded situations on the Bithyman 

 Olympus Westward, is described by Anguillara, Dodoens, Lobel, and Cassalpinus (Spreng.) ; is 



